IL3 (interleukin 3), also known as IL-3, is a potent growth-promoting cytokine that belongs to the IL-3 family. IL3/IL-3 also belongs to the group of interleukins. Interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as throμgh monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells. IL3/IL-3 is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. IL3/IL-3 has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.
Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha(IL-4RA), alos known as Soluble IL-4 receptor subunit alpha, belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and type 4 subfamily. It expressed in both Th1 and Th2 cells. It functions as receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 and couples to the JAK1/2/3-STAT6 pathway. The IL4 response is involved in promoting Th2 differentiation. The IL4/IL13 responses are involved in regulating IgE production and chemokine and mucus production at sites of allergic inflammation. In certain cell types, IL-4RA can signal through activation of insulin receptor substrates, IRS1/IRS2. The functional IL4 receptor is formed by initial binding of IL4 to IL4R. Subsequently it recruits to the complex of the common gamma chain. In immune cells, IL-4RA creates a type I receptor. In non-immune cells, it forms a type II receptor with of IL13RA1. IL4R can also interact with the IL13/IL13RA1 complex to form a similar type II receptor and interacts with the SH2-containing phosphatases, PTPN6/SHIP1, PTPN11/SHIP2 and INPP5D/SHIP.
is a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. DLD exists as a homodimer. DLD is involved in the hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation and in the spermatazoal acrosome reaction. Mutations in its encoding gene have been identified in patients with E3-deficient maple syrup urine disease and lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency.
Factor that induces terminal differentiation of late-developing B-cells to immunoglobulin secreting cells.
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