Keratins are a large family of proteins that form the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of epithelial cells,which are classified into two major sequence types. Type I keratins are a group of acidic intermediate filament proteins,including K9–K23,and the hair keratins Ha1–Ha8. Type II keratins are the basic or neutral courterparts to the acidic type I keratins,including K1–K8,and the hair keratins,Hb1–Hb6. KRT7,also named as cytokeratin 7,is one member of type II basic cytokeratin. It is specifically expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels,and their neoplasms. KRT7 is marker of epithelial tissues,but not present in carcinomas of stratified squamous cell origin.This antibody is specifically against KRT7.
Genetic studies in mouse and human suggest that kynureninase activity may influence blood pressure and renal function. The gene coding kynureninase (KYNU) is also located on chromosome band 2q14-q23, where a linkage peak for essential hypertension was previously detected in the Chinese Han population.The results show that the rare KYNU variant Arg188Gln affects kynureninase activity and are consistent with the hypothesis that this mutation can predispose to essential hypertension.
Lactotransferrin, also known as Lactoferrin, Talalactoferrin and LTF, is a secreted protein which belongs to the transferrin family. Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe3+ ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. Lactotransferrin has antimicrobial activity which depends on the extracellular cation concentration. Lactoferroxins A, B and C have opioid antagonist activity. Lactoferroxin A shows preference for mu-receptors, while lactoferroxin B and lactoferroxin C have somewhat higher degrees of preference for kappa-receptors than for mu-receptors. Lactoferrin / LTF is a globular glycoprotein that is widely represented in various secretory fluids, such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin / LTF is also present in secondary granules of PMN and is secreted by some acinar cells. Lactoferrin / LTF can be purified from milk or produced recombinantly. Human colostrum has the highest concentration, followed by human milk, then cow milk. Lactoferrin / LTF is one of the components of the immune system of the body; it has antimicrobial activity (bacteriocide, fungicide) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses. In particular, lactoferrin provides antibacterial activity to human infants. Lactoferrin interacts with DNA and RNA, polysaccharides and heparin, and shows some of its biological functions in complexes with these ligands.
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), also known as CD223, is a type I transmembrane protein with four extracellular Ig-like domains, designated D1 to D4 and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The gene for LAG3 lies adjacent to the gene for CD4 on human chromosome 12p13.32 and shares approximately 20% identical to the CD4 gene. LAG3 is expressed on activated T cells, natural killer cells, B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. LAG3 binds with high affinity to MHC class II molecules, and it interferes competitively with the binding of CD4 to MHC class II and thereby blocks the transduction of stimulatory signals mediated by this interaction. LAG3 negatively regulates cellular proliferation, activation, and homeostasis of T cells, and plays an important role in Treg suppressive function. LAG3 is the target of various drug development programs to develop new treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders. The soluble form, sLAG-3, is being developed as a cancer drug.
Leukocyte associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR1) is a surface molecule expressed on human mononuclear leukocytes that functions as an inhibitory receptor on human NK cells. In addition to NK cells, LAIR1 is expressed on T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It is predicted to mediate inhibitory functions based on the presence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in its cytoplasmic domain. Cross-linking of LAIR1 on human T cell clones results in inhibition of cytotoxicity only in T cell clones that lack CD28 and are able to spontaneously lyse certain targets in vitro. Moreover, the cytolytic activity of freshly isolated T cells, which is thought to be mainly due to "effector" T cells, can be inhibited by anti-LAIR1 mAb. Thus, LAIR1 functions as an inhibitory receptor not only on NK cells, but also on human T cells. This indicates that LAIR1 provides a mechanism of regulation of effector T cells and may play a role in the inhibition of unwanted bystander responses mediated by Ag-specific T cells.
Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is an inhibitory receptor of the Ig superfamily that is structurally related to inhibitory members of KIR and ILT/CD85 families. It is expressed on immune cells, including NK cells, T cells, B cells, monocytes, immature neutrophils, dendritic cells and most thymocytes.The 253 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane (TM) protein contains a 21 aa signal sequence, a 124 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 20 aa TM domain and a 98 aa cytoplasmic domain. The ECD includes one C2-type Ig-like domain and two potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Tyrosine phosphorylation of two cytoplasmic ITIM motifs results in recruitment of phosphatases and down-regulation of signaling through activating receptors. LAIR1 shows high-affinity binding of collagens that results in inhibition of degranulation in a basophilic leukemia cell line.
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