Enables several functions, including 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity; molecular condensate scaffold activity; and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding activity. Involved in several processes, including defense response to symbiont; intracellular signal transduction; and regulation of defense response. Located in nuclear body; plasma membrane; and site of double-strand break. Is active in cytosol and nucleus.
Mediates cell-cell adhesion in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity. Able to inhibit growth in several cell lines.
CHD1 belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. CHD1 is an aTP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor which functions as substrate recognition component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA. CHD1 regulates polymerase II transcription. It is required for efficient transcription by RNA polymerase I, and more specifically the polymerase I transcription termination step. CHD1 negatively regulates DNA replication. CHD1 is associated with histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. CHD1 is required for the bridging of SNF2, the FACT complex, the PAF complex as well as the U2 snRNP complex to H3K4me3. It functions to modulate the efficiency of pre-mRNA splicing in part through physical bridging of spliceosomal components to H3K4me3. It is required for maintaining open chromatin and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. In PTEN-deficient prostate and breast cancers, CHD1 depletion profoundly and specifically suppressed cell proliferation, cell survival and tumorigenic potential.
Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3(CHD3) is an enzyme that is encoded by the CHD3 gene in human. This gene encodes a member of the CHD family of proteins which are characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD3 is one of the components of a histone deacetylase complex referred to as the Mi-2/NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin by deacetylating histones. Chromatin remodeling is essential for many processes including transcription. Mutations in CHD3 gene cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome with macrocephaly and impaired speech and language.
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) is an ATP dependent chromatin remodeler and a major subunit of the repressive NuRD complex. This complex plays key roles in transcriptional regulation and reorganization and maintenance of chromatin structure, as it targets pericentromeric heterochromatin and has recently been implicated in DNA damage repair, being rapidly recruited to DNA double strand breaks. CHD4 is a novel BRIT1 binding partner that regulates the HR repair process, which is a critical pathway of repairing DNA double strand breaks and plays an essential role in maintaining genomic integrity. The calculated molecular weight of CHD4 is 218 kDa, but modified CHD4 is about 250-280 kDa.
Chondrocyte protein 39 (YKL-39), also known as Chitinase 3-like 2 (CHI3L2), is a secretory protein of articular chondrocytes belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Its highest expression is in chondrocytes, followed by synoviocytes, lung and heart. YKL-39/CHI3L2 is not detected in spleen, pancreas, and liver. YKL-39/CHI3L2 may also be expressed in developing brain and placenta. YKL-39/CHI3L2, a cartilage-related protein, is found to induce arthritis accompanied by pathologic changes in bone and cartilage. A better understanding of the immune response against cartilage-related components including YKL-39 may help to elucidate the pathological processes of arthritic disorders. Upregulation of YKL-39/CHI3L2 in osteoarthritic cartilage suggests that YKL-39/CHI3L2 may be a more accurate marker of chondrocyte activation than YKL-40, although it has yet to be established as a suitable marker in synovial fluid and serum. The decreased expression of YKL-40 by osteoarthritic chondrocytes is surprising as increased levels have been reported in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial fluid, where it may derive from activated synovial cells or osteophytic tissue or by increased matrix destruction in the osteoarthritic joint. YKL-39 and YKL-40 are potentially interesting marker molecules for arthritic joint disease because they are abundantly expressed by both normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
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