CD38, also called ADP-ribosyl cyclase, is a Type II integral membrane protein with 301 amino acids in length that belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.It synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. And also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. CD38 is expressed in B and T lymphocytes, osteoclasts, and in cardiac, pancreatic, liver and kidney cells. Through its production of cyclic ADP-ribose, CD38 modulates calcium-mediated signal transduction in many types of cells, including neutrophils and pancreatic beta cells.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein (NKG2D) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the CD94/NKG2 family. NKG2D is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ alpha-beta and gamma-delta T-cells. As an activating and costimulatory receptor, it involved in immunosurveillance upon binding to various cellular stress-inducible ligands displayed at the surface of autologous tumor cells and virus-infected cells. It provides both stimulatory and costimulatory innate immune responses on activated killer (NK) cells, leading to cytotoxic activity. It stimulates perforin-mediated elimination of ligand-expressing tumor cells. Signaling involves calcium influx, culminating in the expression of TNF-alpha. NKG2D participates in NK cell-mediated bone marrow graft rejection and survival of NK cells. It Binds to ligands belonging to various subfamilies of MHC class I-related glycoproteins including MICA, MICB, RAET1E, RAET1G, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3 (ULBP2>ULBP1>ULBP3) and ULBP4.
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