The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This gene product may act as an autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.
Lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates. Plays a role in regulating apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Inhibits CD45 protein phosphatase activity and therefore the dephosphorylation of Lyn kinase. Strong inducer of T-cell apoptosis.
Galectins are a family of animal lectins defined by shared characteristic amino-acid sequences and affinity for β-galactose-containing oligosac-charides . Galectin-3 contains one carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and a proline- and glycine-rich N-terminal domain through which is able to form oligomers. Galectin-3 is widely expressed in many normal tissues and a variety of tumors. It is found intracellularly in nucleus and cytoplasm or secreted outside of cell,being present on the cell surface or in the extracellular space . Galectin-3 is involved in various biological processes including cell growth,adhesion,differentiation,apoptosis,angiogenesis,immune response,neoplastic transformation and metastasis .
This gene encodes a member of the galectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Members of this protein family have an affinity for beta-galactosides. The encoded protein is characterized by an N-terminal proline-rich tandem repeat domain and a single C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain. This protein can self-associate through the N-terminal domain allowing it to bind to multivalent saccharide ligands. This protein localizes to the extracellular matrix, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. This protein plays a role in numerous cellular functions including apoptosis, innate immunity, cell adhesion and T-cell regulation. The protein exhibits antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
The protein encoded by this gene has been termed a 'growth' or 'plasticity' protein because it is expressed at high levels in neuronal growth cones during development and axonal regeneration. This protein is considered a crucial component of an effective regenerative response in the nervous system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.
GAPDH is an enzyme of 36kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. Because the GAPDH gene is often stably and constitutively expressed at high levels in most tissues and cells,it is commonly used as a loading control for western blot and as a control for qPCR.
Gastric intrinsic factor, also known as GIF, belongs to the of the cobalamin transport protein family. It is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. Gastric intrinsic factor plays a key role in the absorption of vitamin B12 on in the small intestine. Vitamin B12 bounds to haptocorrin after entry into the stomach. The resulting complex enters the duodenum, where pancreatic enzymes digest haptocorrin. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, B12 can then bind to gastric intrinsic factor. This new complex travels to the ileum, where special epithelial cells endocytose them. Inside the cell, B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II. The new complex can exit the epithelial cells to enter the liver.
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