IL-28A (Interferon-λ2,IFN-λ2), IL-28B/IFN-λ3, and IL-29/IFN-λ1 are type III interferons which are distantly related to IL-10 family and type I IFN family cytokines. Mature human IL-28A is an approximately 22-25 kDa protein that shares 66% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-28A and shows cross-species activity. It shares 96% and 70% aa sequence identity with human IL-28B and IL-29, respectively. IL-28A promotes the Th1 polarization of dendritic cells in the airway and inhibits Th2 and Th17 mediated inflammation. IL-28A additionally exhibits anti-tumor activity, in part by enhancing IL-12 dependent anti-tumor CTL responses in vivo. In contrast, it is up-regulated in invasive bladder cancer where it promotes tumor cell migration.
Interferon alpha-1/13(IFN-alpha-1/13 for short), also known as Interferon alpha-D, is a secreted protein which belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family. It is produced by macrophages. IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase. IFN-alpha exerts a variety of other biological effects, including antitumor and immunomodulatory activities and are increasingly used clinically to treat a range of malignancies, myelodysplasias and autoimmune diseases.
Interferon α-6 (IFN-α6) is a secreted protein which belongs to the α/β interferon family. IFN-α6 is produced by macrophages, expressed at low level, only 1.0% of the average gene in this release. IFN-α6 contains interferon alpha, beta and delta domain. IFN-α has antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.
IFNγ is the major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally different from type I interferon and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens in cells that do not normally produce them; leading to autoimmune disease. Interferon gamma is produced mainly byT-cells and natural killer cells activated by antigens; mitogens; or alloantigens. It is produced by lymphocytes expressing the surface antigens CD4 and CD8. IFNγ synthesis is induced by IL-2; FGF-basic; and EGF.
IFN gamma, also known as IFNG, is a secreted protein which belongs to the type I I interferon family. IFN gamma is produced predominantly by natural killer and natural killer T cells as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. IFN gamma has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties. IFNG, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons. The IFNG monomer consists of a core of six α-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region. IFN gamma is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control. Aberrant IFN gamma expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFN gamma in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most importantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNG also promotes NK cell activity.
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