Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 superfamily. IL33 is highly expressed in endothelial venules found in tonsils; Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes; but almost undetectable in placenta. IL33 induces the production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines. IL-33 is a cytokine that mediates its biological effects by binding to and signals through IL1RL1/ST2 and IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP); activating intracellular molecules in the NF-κB and MAP kinase signaling pathways that drive production of type 2 cytokines from polarized Th2 cells.
Human Interleukin-36α (IL-36α) is a secreted cytokine that belongs to the Interleukin 1 cytokine family. IL-36α is expressed in the immune system and the fetal brain, but not in other tissues or multiple hematopoietic cell lines. IL-36α is the only IL-1 family member found to be expressed on T-cells. IL-36α and IL-1F8 are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue gene expression. Importantly, IL-36α inhibits PPARγ expression, which may lead to a reduction in adipocyte differentiation suggesting metabolic effects of this cytokine. IL-36α, along with IL-1F8 and IL-1F9, has been shown to act as an agonist by activating the pathway involving NFκB and MAPK in an IL-1Rrp2 dependent manner. This suggest that IL-36α may signal in a similar fashion to IL-1 and IL-18 in having a binding receptor which upon ligation, recruits a second receptor as a signaling component, forming an active heterodimeric receptor complex.
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a potent growth promoting cytokine. IL-3 can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed progenitors. IL-3 exerts its biological function through binding to specific cell surface receptors. The amino acid sequences of this protein among different species share relatively low identity and its activity is highly species-specific. IL-3 has also been shown to possess neurotrophic activity; and is thought to be associated with neurologic disorders.
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a potent growth promoting cytokine. IL-3 can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed progenitors. IL-3 exerts its biological function through binding to specific cell surface receptors. The amino acid sequences of this protein among different species share relatively low identity and its activity is highly species-specific. IL-3 has also been shown to possess neurotrophic activity, and is thought to be associated with neurologic disorders.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation; survival and gene expression. IL-4 is produced by mast cells; T cells; and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper Th2 cells; characterized by their cytokine-secretion profile that includes secretion of IL-4; IL-5; IL-6; IL-10; and IL-13; which favor a humoral immune response. Another dominant function of IL-4 is the regulation of immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. Excessive IL-4 production by Th2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergic response.
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