Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many Kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. This gene is one of the fifteen Kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Its encoded protein is secreted and may play a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Alternate splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
KLK6 (kallikrein-related peptidase 6), also known as Klk7, belongs to the peptidase S1 family, Kallikrein subfamily. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. KLK6 is a serine protease which exhibits a preference for Arg over Lys in the substrate P1 position and for Ser or Pro in the P2 position. Klk7 shows activity against amyloid precursor protein, myelin basic protein, gelatin, casein and extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin and collagen. KLK6 degrades alpha-synuclein and prevents its polymerization, indicating that KLK6 may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. Klk7 may be involved in regulation of axon outgrowth following spinal cord injury. Tumor cells treated with a neutralizing KLK6 antibody migrate less than control cells, suggesting a role in invasion and metastasis.
Kallikrein-7, also known as kallikrein-related peptidase 7, Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, Serine protease 6, KLK7, and PRSS6, is a secreted protein which belongs to thepeptidase S1 family and Kallikrein subfamily. Members of the Kallikrein family are involved in various malignancies such as prostate (PSA, KLK2, KLK15), ovarian (KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK8, KLK10), and breast cancer (KLK10, KLK13, KLK14). Kallikrein-7 / KLK7 appears to be increased in ovarian cancer and higher KLK7 expression in ovarian cancer tissue is associated with poorer prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. Kallikrein-7 / KLK7 is abundantly expressed in the skin and is expressed by keratinocytes in the epidermis. Kallikrein-7 / KLK7 is up-regulated in ovarian carcinoma, especially late-stage serous carcinoma, compared with normal ovaries and benign adenomas (at the protein level). It was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Kallikrein-7 / KLK7 may catalyze the degradation of intercellular cohesive structures in the cornified layer of the skin in the continuous shedding of cells from the skin surface. KLK7 also plays a role in the activation of precursors to inflammatory cytokines.
Human Kallikrein 7 is a member of the tissue kallikrein family of extracellular serine proteases that is made up of 15 members. It is predominantly expressed in the skin. A major physiological function of Kallikrein 7 is to regulate the desquamation process (the shedding of corneocytes from the outer layer of the epidermis) through proteolysis of the intercellular adhesive structures between corneocytes. Dysregulation of Kallikrein 7 has been linked to several inflammatory skin diseases including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and Netherton syndrome. Studies have shown that Kallikrein 5 is a potential physiological activator for Kallikrein 7. The proform of Kallikrein 7 can be activated by thermolysin.
Lysine-tRNA ligase, also known as Lysyl-tRNA synthetase, LysRS, KARS and KIAA0070, belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (1-65) is a functional tRNA-binding domain, which is required for nuclear localization, is involved in the interaction with DARS, but has a repulsive role in the binding to EEF1A1. A central domain (208-259) is involved in homodimerization and is required for interaction with HIV-1 GAG and incorporation into virions. KARS catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. Defects in KARS are the cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease recessive intermediate type B (CMTRIB).
KCT2, also known as C5orf15, KCT2 gene maps to human chromosome 5q31.1 and is conserved in human, chimpanzee, cow, rat, and chicken. KCT2 is a 265 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that is widely expressed. Chromosome 5 is associated with Cockayne syndrome through the ERCC8 gene and familial adenomatous polyposis through the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene. Chromosome 5 contains 181 million base pairs and comprises nearly 6% of the human genome.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major growth factor for endothelial cells. This gene encodes one of the two receptors of the VEGF. This receptor, known as kinase insert domain receptor, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as the main mediator of VEGF-induced endothelial proliferation, survival, migration, tubular morphogenesis and sprouting. The signalling and trafficking of this receptor are regulated by multiple factors, including Rab GTPase, P2Y purine nucleotide receptor, integrin alphaVbeta3, T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase, etc.. Mutations of this gene are implicated in infantile capillary hemangiomas.
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