K-Ras belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family. As other members of the Ras family, K-Ras is a GTPase and is an early player in many signal transduction pathways. It is usually tethered to cell membranes because of the presence of an isoprenyl group on its C-terminus. K-Ras functions as a molecular on/off switch. Once it is turned on it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of growth factor and other receptors' signal, such as c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. It binds to GTP in the active state and possesses an intrinsic enzymatic activity which cleaves the terminal phosphate of the nucleotide converting it to GDP. Upon conversion of GTP to GDP, K-Ras is turned off. The rate of conversion is usually slow but can be sped up dramatically by an accessory protein of the GTPase activating protein class, for example RasGAP. In turn K-Ras can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor class, for example SOS1, which forces the release of bound nucleotide. Subsequently, K-Ras binds GTP present in the cytosol and the GEF is released from ras-GTP. Besides essential function in normal tissue signaling, the mutation of a K-Ras gene is an essential step in the development of many cancers. Several germline K-Ras mutations have been found to be associated with Noonan syndrome[4] and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Somatic K-Ras mutations are found at high rates in Leukemias, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer.
Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) has a molecular weight of 45 KDa, which is a low molecular weight type A cytokeratin. It is a marker of simple epithelium, including glandular epithelium. The stratified squamous epithelium is generally negative. CK18 is mainly used in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma.
Keratins are a large family of proteins that form the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of epithelial cells,which are classified into two major sequence types. Type I keratins are a group of acidic intermediate filament proteins,including K9–K23,and the hair keratins Ha1–Ha8. Type II keratins are the basic or neutral courterparts to the acidic type I keratins,including K1–K8,and the hair keratins,Hb1–Hb6. KRT7,also named as cytokeratin 7,is one member of type II basic cytokeratin. It is specifically expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels,and their neoplasms. KRT7 is marker of epithelial tissues,but not present in carcinomas of stratified squamous cell origin.This antibody is specifically against KRT7.
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