MMP-19 (Matrix metalloprotease 19, also MMP-18 and MMP RASI) is a 55-59 kDa member of the peptidase M10A family of enzymes. It is widely expressed, being secreted by stratum basale keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, epiphysial cartilage chondrocytes and monocytes/macrophages. MMP-19 has multiple substrates, including components of the basement membrane (type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen), fibronectin, aggrecan plus COMP, and IGFBP3, this latter cleavage resulting in the release of active IGF-I. Studies involving MMP-19 demonstrate an antiangiogenic function. This is attributable to the processing of plasminogen, generating angiostatin-like molecules, and the creation of an environment that promotes the ECM retention of soluble VEGF.
MMP1, also known as MMP-1, contains 4 hemopexin-like domains and is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Matrix metalloproteases, also called matrixins, are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are the major proteases involved in ECM degradation. MMPs are capable of degrading a wide range of extracellular molecules and a number of bioactive molecules. MMP activity is regulated by two major endogenous inhibitors: alpha2-macroglobulin and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). MMPs play a central role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and host defences. Dysregulatoin of MMPs has been implicated in many diseases including arthritis, chronic ulcers, encephalomyelitis and cancer. Tumour metastasis is a multistep process involving the dessemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor to secondarys at a distant organ or tissue. One of the first steps in metastasis is the degradation of the basement membrane, a process in which MMPs have been implicated. MMPs are secreted by tumor cells themselves or by surrounding stromal cells stimulated by the nearby tumor. MMP-1,-2,-3,-7,-9,-13 and-14 all have elevated expression in primary tumors and/or metastases. MMP-1 cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. It also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, MMP1 interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity.
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