Pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 also known as pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2), pyruvate kinase type K, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (CTHBP), thyroid hormone-binding protein 1 (THBP1), or opa-interacting protein 3 (OIP3), is an isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. Pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 / PKM2 is a protein involved in glycolysis. The encoded protein is a pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, generating ATP and pyruvate. PKM2 has been shown to interact with thyroid hormone and may mediate cellular metabolic effects induced by thyroid hormones. PKM2 has been found to bind Opa protein, a bacterial outer membrane protein involved in gonococcal adherence to and invasion of human cells, suggesting a role of this protein in bacterial pathogenesis. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding a few distinct isoforms have been reported. PKM2 functions as a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. PKM2 may stimulates POU5F1-mediated transcriptional activation. This protein Plays a general role in caspase independent cell death of tumor cells. The ratio betwween the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production. The transition between the 2 forms of PKM2 contributes to the control of glycolysis and is important for tumor cell proliferation and survival.
Group XVI Phospholipase A1/A2 (PLA2G16) belongs to the H-rev 107 family. PLA2G16 is expressed in a number of human tumors including ovarian carcinomas, lung carcinomas. PLA2G16 is involved in the regulation of differentiation and survival. PLA2G16 regulates adipocyte lipolysis and release of fatty acids through a G-protein coupled pathway involving prostaglandin and EP3. It has also been reported to play a crucial role in the development of obesity in mouse models.
Phospholipase A2(PLA2G1B) is a secreted protein which belongs to the phospholipase A2 family. It catalyzes the release of fatty acids from glycero-3-phosphocholines. It catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. This releases glycerophospholipids and arachidonic acid that serve as the precursors of signal molecules. Sequences of pancreatic PLA2G1B enzymes from a variety of mammals have been reported. One striking feature of these enzymes is their close homology to venom phospholipases of snakes. Mice lacking in PLA2G1B are resistant to obesity and diabetes induced by feeding a diabetogenic high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet. Oral supplementation of a diabetogenic diet with the PLA2G1B inhibitor methyl indoxam effectively suppresses diet-induced obesity and diabetes. PLA2G1B inhibition may be a potentially effective oral therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
phospholipase A2, also known as Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 1B, Group IB phospholipase A2, PLA2 and PLA2G1B, is a secreted protein which belongs to thephospholipase A2 family. Phospholipase A2 / PLA2G1B catalyzes the release of fatty acids from glycero-3-phosphocholines. The best known varieties are the digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens by the pancreas of mammals. Sequences of pancreatic Phospholipase A2 / PLA2G1B enzymes from a variety of mammals have been reported. One striking feature of these enzymes is their close homology to venom phospholipases of snakes. Other forms of Phospholipase A2 / PLA2G1B have been isolated from brain, liver, lung, spleen, intestine, macrophages, leukocytes, erythrocytes, inflammatory exudates, chondrocytes, and platelets. Mice lacking in Phospholipase A2 / PLA2G1B are resistant to obesity and diabetes induced by feeding a diabetogenic high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet. Oral supplementation of a diabetogenic diet with the PLA2G1B inhibitor methyl indoxam effectively suppresses diet-induced obesity and diabetes. PLA2G1B inhibition may be a potentially effective oral therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated, also known as Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 2A, Group IIA phospholipase A2, Non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 and PLA2G2A, is a peripheral membrane protein which belongs to thephospholipase A2 family. PLA2G2A is found in many cells and also extracellularly. The membrane-bound and secreted forms of PLA2G2A are identical. PLA2G2A has been proposed to play a role in anti-bacterial defense, inflammation and eicosanoid generation, in clearance of apoptotic cells, and in the Wnt signaling pathway. PLA2G2A is thought to participate in the regulation of the phospholipid metabolism in biomembranes including eicosanoid biosynthesis. PLA2G2A catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. PLA2G2A might be a factor in human colorectal tumorigenesis.
The enzyme oligosaccharyltransferase (dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase) (DDOST), or 48-kDa subunit (OST48) is one of the catalytic subunits in this complex, exerts a typical type I membrane topology, containing a large luminal domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a short cytosolic peptide tail. DDOST/OST48 catalyzes the transfer of a high-mannose oligosaccharide (GlcNac2Man9Glc3) from a dolichol-linked oligosaccharide donor (dolichol-P-GlcNac2Man9Glc3) onto the asparagine acceptor site within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The mammalian oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) is an oligomeric complex composed of three type I transmembrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum: ribophorin I (RI), ribophorin II (RII), and OST48. OST48 is not a glycoprotein and is not recognized by antibodies to either ribophorin. Like ribophorins I and II, OST48 was found to be an integral membrane protein, with the majority of the polypeptide located within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). OST48 does not show significant amino acid sequence homology to either ribophorin I or II. It had been found that only the luminal domain of RI contains ER retention information. The dilysine motif in OST48 functions as an ER localization motif because OST48 in which the two lysine residues are replaced by serine (OST48ss) is no longer retained in the ER and is found instead also at the plasma membrane.
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase; also known as 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase; 2-acetyl-1-alkylglycero-phosphocholine esterase; Group-VIIA phospholipase A2; LDL-associated phospholipase A2; PAF 2-acylhydrolase; PLA2G7 and PAFAH; is secreted protein which belongs to theAB hydrolase superfamily and Lipase family. PLA2G7 / PAFAH modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. It has a specificity for substrates with a short residue at the sn-2 position. It is inactive against long-chain phospholipids. PLA2G7 / PAFAH is a potent pro- and anti-inflammatory molecule that has been implicated in multiple inflammatory disease processes; including cardiovascular disease. PLA2G7 also represents an important; potentially functional candidate in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD). Defects in PLA2G7 are the cause of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency (PLA2G7 deficiency). It is a trait which is present in 27% of Japanese. It could have a significant physiologic effect in the presence of inflammatory bodily responses.
Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) is a secreted enzyme which belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily and Lipase family and catalyzes the degradation of platelet-activating factor to biologically inactive products. PAFAH is produced by inflammatory cells and hydrolyzes oxidised phospholipids in LDL. PAFAH has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and has also been identified as a marker for cardiac disease. PAFAH might have a major physiologic effect in the presence of inflammatory bodily responses. PAFAH alters the action of PAF by hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. PAFAH has specificity for substrates with a short residue at the sn-2 position.
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