The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. Known receptors bind S1 are ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; APN, aminopeptidase N; CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; Sia, sialic acid; O-ac Sia, O-acetylated sialic acid. The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. It's been reported that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion.The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. The main functions for the Spike protein are summarized as: Mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion; Defines the range of the hosts and specificity of the virus; Main component to bind with the neutralizing antibody; Key target for vaccine design; Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (human herpesvirus 5) glycoprotein B, also referred as CMV gB or gB, which belongs to the herpesviridae glycoprotein B family. It is a 97-amino acid glycoprotein encoded by the ORF of UL55. Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B protein is the most abundant component of the envelope, a target of neutralizing antibodies with at least two defined neutralizing epitopes and an essential replication component. Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B protein plays important roles in HCMV entry, cell-cell spread of internal virions, and fusion of infected cells. In addition, Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B protein is one envelope protein capable of heparin binding. It forms a physical association with host cell annexin II independent of the presence of calcium.
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