Meteorin is a novel secreted protein that is expressed in undifferentiated neural progenitors and in the astrocyte lineage, including radial glia. It plays important roles in the differentiation of glial cells and also in axonal network formation during neurogenesis. Meteorin selectively promoted astrocyte formation from mouse cerebrocortical neurospheres in differentiation culture, whereas it induced cerebellar astrocytes to become radial glia. Meteorin also induced axonal extension in small and intermediate neurons of sensory ganglia by activating nearby satellite glia.
The long non-coding RNA MFI2 antisense RNA is overexpressed in human cancer tissues and its increased expression is associated with occurrence and metastasis of cancer.lncRNA MFI2 could promote proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells by regulating FOXP4 expression, which suggested critical roles of lncRNA MFI2 and FOXP4 in occurrence and development of human osteosarcoma.
The protein encoded by this gene is a cell-surface glycoprotein found on melanoma cells. The protein shares sequence similarity and iron-binding properties with members of the transferrin superfamily. The importance of the iron binding function has not yet been identified. This gene resides in the same region of chromosome 3 as members of the transferrin superfamily. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants.
Macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine-specific lectin 2(Mgl2), also known as CD301b, is a 38 kDa member that belongs to the C-type lectin family. Two MGL proteins are encoded by separate genes in the mouse, but share 91% amino acid (aa) identity in the extracellular domain (ECD). Only one MGL occurs in human and rat and this MGL is structurally more similar to mouse MGL1 than MGL2. However, human MGL and mouse MGL2 both bind specifically to terminal GalNAc residues, in contrast with mouse MGL1 which binds Lewis X. GalNAc recognition is likely to be important in dendritic cell-mediated tolerance to self-gangliosides as well as recognition of tumor antigens and parasite glycoproteins.
Midkine (MK or MDK) also known as neurite growth-promoting factor 2 (NEGF2) is a basic heparin-binding growth factor of low molecular weight, and forms a family with pleiotrophin. Midkine is a retinoic acid-responsive, heparin-binding growth factor expressed in various cell types during embryogenesis. It promotes angiogenesis, cell growth, and cell migration. Midkine is also expressed in several carcinomas, suggesting that it may play a role in tumorigenesis, perhaps through its effects on angiogenesis. Midkine binds anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) which induces ALK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3-kinase and the induction of cell proliferation. Midkine is involved in neointima formation after arterial injury, possibly by mediating leukocyte recruitment. Also involved in early fetal adrenal gland development. Midkine exhibited increased expression in the breast carcinomas but showed much lower expression in the normal breast tissue. Thus, it can be used as a breast carcinomas marker.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) is a secreted protein and belongs to the MIF family. MIF is an important regulator of innate immunity. The circulating MIF binds to CD74 on other immune cells to trigger an acute immune response. Hence MIF is classified as an inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore glucocorticoids also stimulate white blood cells to release MIF and hence MIF partially counter acts the inhibitory effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune system. Finally trauma activates the anterior pituitary gland to release MIF.
CD10, also known as neprilysin, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), or neutral endopeptidase (NEP), is a zinc-dependent transmembrane metallo-endopeptidase. CD10 cleaves peptides at the N-terminal side of hydrophobic amino acid residues and deactivates a variety of signaling peptides. CD10 was shown to be one of the markers for a natural killer cell-restricted progenitor in fetal and adult tissues. Studies also suggest CD10 as a phenotypic marker to distinguish mature neutrophils from immature neutrophils in patients with inflammation. In addition, CD10+GPR77+ carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumor formation and chemoresistance.
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