Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4a), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Siglec family. It is composed of an extracellular segment containing five Ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic domain. Mouse MAG shares 95% and 99% aa sequence identity with human and rat MAG, respectively. MAG functions as an adhesion molecule during neural development. It preferentially binds to alpha -2,3-linked sialic acid terminal structures found on cell surface molecules. MAG is selectively expressed by myelinating oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and plays an important role in axon-myelin stability. MAG is also reported to regulate the axon cytoskeleton and support the distribution of axon molecules at the nodes of Ranvier. In addition, it has been identified as a major inhibitor of neurite outgrowth.
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as Protein ARMET, Arginine-rich protein, MANF and ARMET, is a secreted protein which belongs to the ARMET family. ARMET selectively promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mid-brain. It modulates GABAergic transmission to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. ARMET enhances spontaneous, as well as evoked, GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in dopaminergic neurons. ARMET inhibits cell proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death. The N-terminal region of ARMET may be responsible for neurotrophic activity while the C-terminal region may play a role in the ER stress response. MANF reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and has neurotrophic effects on dopaminergic neurons. Intracortical delivery of recombinant MANF protein protects tissue from ischemic brain injury. MANF has been described as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons. MANF expression was widespread in the nervous system and non-neuronal tissues. In the brain, relatively high MANF levels were detected in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellar Purkinje cells. The widespread expression of MANF together with its evolutionary conserved nature and regulation by brain insults suggest that it has important functions both under normal and pathological conditions in many tissue types.
MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) is an 80 kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the class Ascavenger receptor family. Mouse MARCO consists of a 48 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 449 aa extracellulardomain (ECD) that includes a stalk region, a collagenlikeregion, and one SRCR domain. MARCO is constitutively expressed on the surface of splenic and lymph node macrophages. MARCO binds LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and otherdeterminants on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It also binds modified LDL, CpG oligonucleotides, UGRP1, silica, and TiO2.
MBL (mannose-binding lectin) is primarily a liver-derived collagen-like serum protein, which binds sugar structures on micro-organisms and on dying host cells and is one of the four known mediators that initiate activation of the complement system via the lectin pathway. MBL and the ficolins (Ficolin-1, Ficolin-2 and Ficolin-3) are soluble collagen-like proteins that are involved in innate immune defence. They bind sugar structures or acetylated compounds present on microorganisms and on dying host cells and they initiate activation of the lectin complement pathway in varying degrees. MBL2 encodes the mannose-binding lectin, which is a key player in the innate immune system and has recently been found to play a role in development of type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. Common variant alleles situated both in promoter and structural regions of the MBL2 gene influence the stability and the serum concentration of the protein. Several polymorphisms in the promoter and structural regions of MBL2 adversely affect the plasma concentration and oligomeric state of MBL. The possession of mutant alleles has been linked to disease outcome for a variety of bacterial and viral infections. Mutant MBL2 haplotypes have been linked to disease progression and response to therapy in HCV infection.
Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL) is an acute phase protein bearing to the family of collectins produced by the liver as a monomer that forms a triple helix. Once released in serum, it further polymerizes forming dimers to octamers. The degree of serum polymerization is critical for the biological activity of MBL. MBL has higher affinity to microbial polysaccharides or their glycoconjugates. MBL was shown earlier to bind cell surfaces of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses and acts as an acute-phase plasma protein (APP) during infection and inflammation. MBL activates the lectin-complement pathway, promotes opsonophagocytosis and modulates inflammation.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(CCL2/JE/MCP-1), also called CCL2, belongs to a group of CC chemokines located in chromosome 17q11.2. CCL2/JE/MCP-1 protein interacts with chemokine C-C motif receptor 2(CCR2) to activate and recruit monocytes, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and immature dendritic cells to the site of infection. The presence of CCL2/JE/MCP-1 protein in an adequate concentration is important for granuloma formation and M. tuberculosis clearance.
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