The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and small inducible cytokine A2 (SCYA2)), is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family responsible for monocyte attraction. Its cognate receptor, CCR2, play a critical role in regulating nociceptive processes during neuropathic pain. Both CCL2 and CCR2 are implicated in induction of autoimmunity. CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection. Recently research also showed that CCL2 might be useful as a biomarker of fibrosis as well as a target for therapeutic intervention.
CCL2/JE/MCP-1, is a chemokine that binds the receptor CCR2 and induces the chemoattraction of mononuclear cells. It induces the activation of monocytes, NK cells, lymphocytes, and basophils. Additionally, CCL2 promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells, and CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation contributes to disease severity in atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and allergic asthma. Endogenous proteolytic trimming of CCL2 at the N-terminus, including the N-terminal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid-modified glutamine, downregulates activity but not receptor binding.
Rat Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1(MCSF,CSF1) is a single-pass type I membrane cytokine. It is a hematopoietic growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. MCSF promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. It is involved in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development which for normal male and female fertility. It promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. MCSF also plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1, also known as CSF-1, M-CSF, Lanimostim and CSF1, is a single-pass membrane protein which is disulfide-linked as a homodimer or heterodimer. Granulocyte / macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. M-CSF/CSF-1 is known to facilitate monocyte survival, monocyte-to-macrophage conversion, and macrophage proliferation. M-CSF/CSF-1 is a secreted cytokine which influences hemopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. It binds to the Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor. M-CSF/CSF-1 may also be involved in development of the placenta. The active form of M-CSF/CSF-1 is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer, and is thoμght to be produced by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound precursors. M-CSF/CSF-1 induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. It also plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoproteins clearance, fertility and pregnancy. Upregulation of M-CSF/CSF-1 in the infarcted myocardium may have an active role in healing not only throμgh its effects on cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage, but also by regulating endothelial cell chemokine expression.
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