Cytotoxic and regulatory T-cell molecule, also known as Class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule and CRTAM, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to thenectin family.CRTAM contains oneIg-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain and oneIg-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. In the immune system, the expression of CRTAM is restricted to activated class-I MHC-restricted cells, including NKT and CD8 cells. It is strongly expressed in spleen, thymus, small intestine, peripheral blood leukocyte, and in purkinje neurons in cerebellum. It is expressed at much lower levels in testis, ovary, colon, lung and lymphoid tissues. CRTAM is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that complies with the structural characteristics of the JAM family of proteins and is phylogenetically more closely related to nectin-like proteins. It is a molecule involved in epithelial cell adhesion. CRTAM is sensitive to intermediate filament disruption and treatment of monolayers with soluble CRTAM enhances cell-cell dissociation and lowers transepithelial electrical resistance. CRTAM may also induce retention by binding to CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) at the late stage of activation before proliferation.
The CRTAM gene is upregulated in CD4 (see MIM 186940)-positive and CD8 (see CD8A, MIM 186910)-positive T cells and encodes a type I transmembrane protein with V and C1-like Ig domains. Interaction with CADM1 promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo.
Alpha-Crystallin A Chain (CRYAA) belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family and can be induced by heat shock. The expression of CRYAA is preferentially restricted to the lens cell. CRYAA may contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. CRYAA has chaperone-like activity, preventing aggregation of various proteins under a wide range of stress conditions. Two additional functions of CRYAA are an autokinase activity and participation in the intracellular architecture.
α Crystallin B Chain (CRYAB) is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family. Alpha crystallins are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. Alpha crystallins can be induced by heat shock and are members of the small heat shock protein (sHSP also known as the HSP20) family. Alpha crystallins acts as molecular chaperones and hold them in in large soluble aggregates. CRYAB is expressed widely in many tissues and organs. It may contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. The deficiency of CRYAB is the cause of myopathy myofibrillar type 2 (MFM2) and cataract posterior polar type 2 (CTPP2).
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