Growth/differentiation factors (GDF-1 to GDF-15) are members of the BMP family of TGF-beta superfamily proteins. They are produced as inactive preproproteins which are then cleaved and assembled into active secreted homodimers. GDF dimers are disulfide-linked with the exception of GDF-3 and-9. GDF proteins are important during embryonic development, particularly in the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems.
Growth/differentiation factors(GDF-1 to GDF-15) are members of the BMP family of TGF-beta superfamily proteins. They are produced as inactive preproproteins which are then cleaved and assembled into active secreted homodimers. GDF dimers are disulfide-linked with the exception of GDF-3 and-9. GDF proteins are important during embryonic development, particularly in the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems.
BMPs belong to the TGF-β superfamily, which currently has over 20 members. BMPs play a vital role in several processes, such as embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis; thus, they are also known as body morphogenetic proteins.9 BMP2, BMP6 and BMP7 are deeply involved in inflammatory disorders, including fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. BMP9 is considered a unique member of the BMP family as it has the strongest osteogenic effect on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), is resistant to the BMP signaling inhibitors, noggin and BMP3,nd significantly affects vascular homeostasis, angiogenesis, metabolism, neurogenesis, and pro- or anti-tumorigenesis.
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