Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) is a GTPase dynamin-like protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane, encoded in the nuclear genome by the MFN2 gene located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 1. MFN2 is an important transmembrane GTPase in the mitochondrial outer membrane and it can block cells in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. MFN2 protein is involved in several intracellular pathways but is mainly involved in a network that has an essential role in several mitochondrial functions, including fusion, axonal transport, interorganellar communication, and mitophagy. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is a key protein in mitochondrial fusion and it participates in the bridging of mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent data indicate that Mfn2 ablation leads to ER stress. Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) deficiency in trophoblastic cells is an important cause for early miscarriage. MFN2 can regulate mitochondrial autophagy. Several reports show that MFN2 is a target of different miRNAs.
Mannoside Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is a single-pass type II membrane protein that contains the typical glycosyltransferase domains: a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a hydrophobic non-cleavable signal-anchor domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. MGAT2 catalyzes an essential step in the conversion of oligo-mannose to complex N-glycans. Defects in MGAT2 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2A.
Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A, also known as Alpha-mannoside beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase, Mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5, N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase V, MGAT5 and GGNT5, is a single-pass type II membrane protein which belongs to theglycosyltransferase 18 family. MGAT5 / GGNT5 catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine in beta 1-6 linkage to the alpha-linked mannose of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides. It is one of the most important enzymes involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides. The central nervous system (CNS) is rich in glycoconjugates, located on cell surface and in extracellular matrix. MGAT5 / GGNT5 modification of complex-type N-glycans on CNS glycoproteins is involved in the regulation of depression-like behavior. Inhibitors of MGAT5 / GGNT5 might be useful in the treatment of malignancies by targeting their dependency on focal adhesion signaling for growth and metastasis.
MGMT belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. MGMT involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine in DNA. Repairs alkylated guanine in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the alkyl group at the O-6 position to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. MGMT catalyzes the chemical reaction: DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) and proteinL-cysteine into DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) and protein S-methyl-L-cysteine.
Melanoma Inhibitory Activity Protein (MIA) is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells, which was the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family: MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA acts as a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor for malignant melanoma cells and some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas, in an autocrine fashion and promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. The protein MIA has been shown to represent a very sensitive and specific serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma that might be useful for staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis.
MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A, also known as MIC-A, PERB11.1 and MICA, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the MHC class I family of MIC subfamily. MICA contains one Ig-like C1-type domain and is expressed on the cell surface, although unlike canonical class I molecules does not seem to associate with beta-2-microglobulin. It is thought that MICA functions as a stress-induced antigen that is broadly recognized by NK cells, NKT cells, and most of the subtypes of T cells. MICA is the ligand for NK cell activating receptor KLRK1/NKG2D. MICA seems to have no role in antigen presentation. MICA leads to cell lysis by binding to KLRK1.
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