Programmed Cell Death Protein 5 (PDCD5) is a member of the PDCD5 family. PDCD5 is expressed in tumor cells during apoptosis, independent of apoptosis-inducing stimuli. This protein may function in the process of apoptosis. PDCD5 is upregulated during apoptosis where it translocates rapidly from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. PDCD5 may play an important regulator of K (lysine) acetyltransferase 5 (a protein involved in transcription, DNA damage response and cell cycle control) by inhibiting its proteasome-dependent degradation. PDCD5 is an important novel protein that regulates both apoptotic and non-apoptotic programmed cell death.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B, also known as Cam-PDE 1B and PDE1B, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thecyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family and PDE1 subfamily. Phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A), Phosphodiesterase-1B (PDE1B), Phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B), and Phosphodiesterase-4A (PDE4A) are important regulators of signal transduction in striatum due to their catalysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. PDE1B is highly expressed in the striatum. It binds two divalent metal cations per subunit. Site one of PDE1B may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site two of PDE1B has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions. PDE1B is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. It has a preference for cGMP as a substrate.
PDE1C belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family, PDE1 subfamily. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of related phosphohydrolyases that selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of 3' cyclic phosphate bonds in adenosine and/or guanine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP and/or cGMP). They regulate the cellular levels, localization and duration of action of these second messengers by controlling the rate of their degradation. PDEs are expressed ubiquitously, with each subtype having a specific tissue distribution. These enzymes are involved in many signal transduction pathways and their functions include vascular smooth muscle proliferation and contraction, cardiac contractility, platelet aggregation, hormone secretion, immune cell activation, and they are involved in learning and memory. PDE1C has a high affinity for both cAMP and cGMP. It is expressed in several tissues, including brain and heart. As a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, PDE1C has a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP.
cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase, also known as cyclic GMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase and PDE2A, is a peripheral membrane protein which belongs to thecyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family and PDE2 subfamily. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a family of enzymes that regulate the levels of cyclic nucleotides, key second messengers that mediate a diverse array of functions. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate signaling by cyclic nucleotides in diverse processes such as cardiac contractility, platelet aggregation, lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and smooth muscle contraction. PDE2A is an evolutionarily conserved cGMP-stimulated cAMP and cGMP PDE. PDE2A contains twoGAF domains. PDE2A is expressed in brain and to a lesser extent in heart, placenta, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. PDE2A is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. PDE2A is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis by the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), making PDE2-type enzymes important targets for drug discovery.
High affinity cGMP-specific 3';5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A; also known as PDE9A; is a member of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family and PDE9 subfamily. PDE9A is expressed in all tissues examined (testis; brain; small intestine; skeletal muscle; heart; lung; thymus; spleen; placenta; kidney; liver; pancreas; ovary and prostate) except blood. Highest levels of PDE9A is in brain; heart; kidney; spleen; prostate and colon. IsoformPDE9A12is found in prostate. PDE9A mRNA is widely distributed throughout the rat and mouse brain; with the highest expression observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells.PDE9A is the only cGMP-specific PDE with significant expression in the forebrain; and as such is likely to play an important role in NO-cGMP signaling. PDE9A is highly conserved between species and is widely distributed throughout the rodent brain. PDE9A is probably involved in maintenance of low cGMP levels in cells and might play an important role in a variety of brain functions involving cGMP-mediated signal transduction. PDE9A hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP; which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. PDE9A represents a novel drug target worthy of further study.
Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA); belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. PDGFA is a secreted protein; stored in platelet alpha-granules and released by platelets upon wounding. PDGFA is potent mitogens for a variety of cell types including smooth muscle cells; connective tissue cells; bone and cartilage cells; and some blood cells. It plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development; cell proliferation; cell migration; survival and chemotaxis. PDGFA is required for normal lung alveolar septum formation during embryogenesis; normal development of the gastrointestinal tract; normal development of Leydig cells and spermatogenesis; normal oligodendrocyte development and normal myelination in the spinal cord and cerebellum. It plays an important role in wound healing; Signaling is modulated by the formation of heterodimers with PDGFB.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Subunit B (PDGFB) belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. Platelet-derived growth factor is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. PDGFB can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma.Binding of PDGFB to its receptor elicits a variety of cellular responses. In addition, PDGFB is released by platelets upon wounding and plays an important role in stimulating adjacent cells to grow and thereby heals the wound.
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