Prion-like protein doppel is a 152 amino acids protein that belongs to the prion family. The protein encoded by this gene is found on chromosome 20, approximately 20 kbp downstream of the gene encoding cellular prion protein, to which it is biochemically and structurally similar. It is a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that is found predominantly in testis. Mutations in this gene may lead to neurological disorders.
AM and PAMP are potent hypotensive and vasodilatator agents. Numerous actions have been reported most related to the physiologic control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In the kidney, am is diuretic and natriuretic, and both am and pamp inhibit aldosterone secretion by direct adrenal actions. In pituitary gland, both peptides at physiologically relevant doses inhibit basal ACTH secretion. Both peptides appear to act in brain and pituitary gland to facilitate the loss of plasma volume, actions which complement their hypotensive effects in blood vessels.
CD147/EMMPRIN (Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer), also known as Basigin (BSG), is a transmembrane glycoprotein with different forms resulted from different modes of glycosylation and N-terminal sequence variants. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with homology to both the immunoglobulin V domain and MHC class II antigen beta-chain. This protein play important roles in variety of events including spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, neural network formation. CD147 induces the production and release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the surrounding mesenchymal cells and tumor cells, and thereby promotes invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells. Furthermore, CD147 also serves as a receptor for extracellular cyclophilinthe and its association with integrins might be important in signal transduction. Recently, CD147 displays increased expression in many cancers, and it has been previously demonstrated to participate in cancer metastasis and progression. Thus, CD147 and its antibody are used as an effective treatment for malignant cancers.
Proenkephalin-B(PDYN), belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family. The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing. Leu-enkephalins, which is a type of Proenkephalin-B, compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A has a typical opiod activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.
Profilin-II (PFN2) is ubiquitous protein which belongs to the profilin family. PFN2 binds to actin, thenaffects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profiling prevents the polymerization of actin, while increases that at low concentrations. PFN2 is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein. It regulates actin polymerization in response to extra cellular signals. PFN2 binds to PIP2; it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Progonadoliberin-2, also known as Progonadoliberin II and GNRH2, belongs to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone family. GNRH2 is specially expressed in midbrain, at significantly higher levels outside the brain (up to 30-fold). GNRH2 can be cleaved into two chains, gonadoliberin-2 and GnRH-associated peptide 2. gonadoliberin-2 regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. The proproteins produce three transcript variants, but produce the same peptide hormone.
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