Progonadoliberin-2, also known as Progonadoliberin II and GNRH2, belongs to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone family. GNRH2 is specially expressed in midbrain, at significantly higher levels outside the brain (up to 30-fold). GNRH2 can be cleaved into two chains, gonadoliberin-2 and GnRH-associated peptide 2. gonadoliberin-2 regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. The proproteins produce three transcript variants, but produce the same peptide hormone.
Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation; but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Non-glycosylated prolactin is produced by the pituitary and packaged in storage granules before secretion; while glycosylated prolactin is reported to be constitutively secreted; have lower biological potency; and be removed from the circulation more quickly. Prolactin is synthesized mainly by the anterior pituitary in all mammals; where secretion is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine. In humans; prolactin is also produced peripherally. Prolactin expression is low during early human pregnancy; but increases in late pregnancy. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a transmembrane type I glycoprotein that belongs to the cytokine hematopoietic receptor family. prolactin molecule is thought to bind two receptor molecules. In addition to its lactogenic activity; peripherally produced prolactin plays roles in breast and prostate cancer development; regulation of reproductive function; and immunoregulation.
neuregulin-1 (heregulin-1;NRG1) is a member of neuregulin family; which is comprised of four genes that encode a large number of secreted or membrane-bound isoforms. All family members share an EGF-like domain that interacts with the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. NRG1 isoforms can be classified into type I; type II and type III isoforms. NRG1 directs ligand for ERBB3 and ERBB4 tyrosine kinase receptors; concomitantly recruits ERBB1 and ERBB2 coreceptors; resulting in ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the ERBB receptors. NRG proteins show distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns and play important roles during development of both the nervous system and the heart.
Pro-neuregulin-1;Neuregulin-1 beta 1（NRG1） is a single-pass type I membrane protein and belongs to the neuregulin family .It contains 1 EGF-like domain and 1 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. Direct ligand for ERBB3 and ERBB4 tyrosine kinase receptors. The protein concomitantly recruits ERBB1 and ERBB2 coreceptors; resulting in ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the ERBB receptors. The multiple isoforms perform diverse functions such as inducing growth and differentiation of epithelial; glial; neuronal; and skeletal muscle cells; inducing expression of acetylcholine receptor in synaptic vesicles during the formation of the neuromuscular junction; stimulating lobuloalveolar budding and milk production in the mammary gland and inducing differentiation of mammary tumor cells; stimulating Schwann cell proliferation; implication in the development of the myocardium such as trabeculation of the developing heart. Isoform 10 may play a role in motor and sensory neuron development.
Pro-Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the NPY family. NPY is a secreted protein and is one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system. It also can be found in some chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. NPY can be cleaved into Neuropeptide Y and C-flanking peptide of NPY chain, which regulates energy usage, and it is involved in learning, memory processing, and epilepsy. NPY is implicated in the control of feeding and in secretion of gonadotrophin-release hormone. In addition, NPY increases the proportion of energy stored as fat and blocks nociceptive signals to the brain.
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