This gene encodes a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SOCS family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine receptor signaling via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription pathway (the JAK/STAT pathway). SOCS family proteins interact with major molecules of signaling complexes to block further signal transduction, in part, by proteasomal depletion of receptors or signal-transducing proteins via ubiquitination. The expression of this gene can be induced by a subset of cytokines, including erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and by cytokine receptors such as growth horomone receptor. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and is thought to be involved in the regulation of IGF1R mediated cell signaling. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosomes 20 and 22. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, also known as SOCS-3, Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 3, CIS-3, STAT-induced STAT inhibitor 3, SOCS3 and CIS3, is a protein which is widely expressed with high expression in heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, peripheral blood leukocytes, fetal and adult lung, and fetal liver and kidney. SOCS3 / CIS3 contains oneSH2 domain and oneSOCS box domain. SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS3 / CIS3 is involved in negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK / STAT pathway. SOCS3 / CIS3 inhibits cytokine signal transduction by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors including gp130, LIF, erythropoietin, insulin, IL12, GCSF and leptin receptors. Binding to JAK2 inhibits its kinase activity. SOCS3 / CIS3 suppresses fetal liver erythropoiesis. It regulates onset and maintenance of allergic responses mediated by T-helper type 2 cells. SOCS3 / CIS3 regulates IL-6 signaling. SOCS3 / CIS3 interacts with multiple activated proteins of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway including IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor and JAK2. SOCS3 / CIS3 could be used as a possible therapeutic agent for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
SOD1 belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family. It binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded isozyme is a soluble cytoplasmic protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The other isozyme is a mitochondrial protein. Mutations in this gene have been implicated as causes of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rare transcript variants have been reported for this gene. SOD1 destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. Defects in SOD1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1). ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms.
Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are important anti-oxidant enzymes that guard against superoxide toxicity. In humans, as in all mammals and most chordates, three forms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are present: SOD1 is located in the cytoplasm, SOD2 in the mitochondria, and SOD3 is extracellular. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase [SOD; manganese SOD (MnSOD) or SOD2] neutralizes highly reactive superoxide radical (O(
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD2) is a number of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. SOD2 is a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. The SOD2 protein transforms toxic superoxide and a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Genetic variation in SOD2 is associated with microvascular complications of diabetes type 6 (MVCD6); idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC); sporadic motor neuron disease; and cancer. SOD2 destroys superoxide anion radicals which are usually produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD2) belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. SOD2 is a mitochondrial matrix protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. SOD2 transforms toxic superoxide; a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. It is reported that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the development of breast cancer; while SOD2 is one of the primary enzymes that directly convert potential harmful oxidizing species to harmless metabolites.
Superoxide Dismutases (SODs), originally identified as Indophenoloxidases (IPOs), are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide Dismutases 2 (SOD2), also known as Manganese (Mn) SOD, mitochondrial SOD, and IPO-B, is an intramitochondrial 22 kDa homotetramer. Each SOD2 monomer binds one Mn2+ ion. Three isozymes of SOD have been identified and are functionally related but have very modest sequence homology. SOD2 shares only 23% and 17% sequence identity with SOD1 and SOD3, respectively. SOD2 is, however, well conserved from species to species and shares 90% and 87% homology with mouse and rat SOD2, respectively. Oxidative stress has been implicated in many diseases and the chief source of reactive oxygen species within the cell is the mitochondrion. SOD2 is a free radical scavenging enzyme that protects against damage from superoxide produced as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation. SOD2 is required for normal biologic function of tissues by maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial enzymes susceptible to inactivation by superoxide. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.
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