Sorbitol dehydrogenase, also known as L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase and SORD, is a member of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. SORD exsits in a homotetramer and binds one zinc ion per subunit. SORD is expressed in kidney and epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. SORD can converts sorbitol to fructose and catalyzes the interconversion of polyols and their corresponding ketoses, and together with aldose reductase to make up the sorbitol pathway. SORD is up-regulated by androgens and down-regulated by castration. SORD may play a role in the sperm motility by providing an energetic source for sperm.
Functions as a sorting receptor in the Golgi compartment and as a clearance receptor on the cell surface. Required for protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosomes by a pathway that is independent of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR). Lysosomal proteins bind specifically to the receptor in the Golgi apparatus and the resulting receptor-ligand complex is transported to an acidic prelysosomal compartment where the low pH mediates the dissociation of the complex. The receptor is then recycled back to the Golgi for another round of trafficking through its binding to the retromer. Also required for protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endosomes. Promotes neuronal apoptosis by mediating endocytosis of the proapoptotic precursor forms of BDNF (proBDNF) and NGFB (proNGFB). Also acts as a receptor for neurotensin. May promote mineralization of the extracellular matrix during osteogenic differentiation by scavenging extracellular LPL. Probably required in adipocytes for the formation of specialized storage vesicles containing the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 (GLUT4 storage vesicles, or GSVs). These vesicles provide a stable pool of SLC2A4 and confer increased responsiveness to insulin. May also mediate transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Sclerostin, also known as SOST, is a member of the Cerberus/DAN family of BMP antagonists. SOST is asecreted glycoprotein with a C-terminal cysteine knot-like (CTCK) domain. It shows sequence similarity to the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. SOST is produced by the osteocyte and has anti-anabolic effects on bone formation. It is a negative regulator of bone growth that acts through inhibition of Wnt signaling and bone formation.
Acrosomal Protein SP-10 is a testis-specific differentiation antigen that is associated with acrosomal membranes and matrix of mature sperm. It has been detected in several species including humans. Acrosomal Protein SP-10 may be involved in sperm-zona binding or penetration as a potential contraceptive vaccine immunogen for humans. ACRV1 is also a intra-acrosomal protein that is considered to be a vaccine candidate for immunocontraception.
Surfactant protein A (SFTPA1) , a member of the collagenous lectin (collectin) family , was first described as a major constituent of lung surfactant but has recently also been found in the female genital tract. Various microorganisms colonize this area and may cause intrauterine infection or trigger preterm labor. The Human SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes encode SP-A1 and SP-2 proteins , and each gene has been identified with numerous genetic variants. SP-A1 and SP-A2 differentially enhance bacterial phagocytosis. Sex differences have been observed in pulmonary disease and survival of wild type and SP-A knockout (KO) mice. SP-A interacts and regulates many of the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM). It is shown that SP-A variants differ in their ability to regulate the AM miRNome in response to oxidative stress (OxS).
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