Astrin is a homodimeric protein with a globular head domain and a long stalk. It is an essential component of the mitotic spindle. Astrin is highly expressed in testis and is detected at low levels in placenta, liver, pancreas, thymus and colon. Its expression is cell cycle-regulated, with an increase from prophase to cytokinesis and return to basal levels at the next G1 phase. In non-dividing cells Astrin is associated with microtubules unless under cellular stress, then it is localized in stress granules.
Sperm Equatorial Segment Protein 1 (SPESP1) is a member of the SPESP1 family. SPESP1 is highly expressed in the testis, where it is localized to the acrosome of postmeiotic stages of spermiogenesis; it is expressed at lower levels in the placenta and fetal lung. SPESP1 is involved in the multicellular organisimal development. Disruption of SPESP1 leads to abnormal distribution of sperm proteins resulting in a detached membrane from the equatorial segment and less fertile sperm. SPESP1 may interact with IZUMO1 and MN9 antigen and it contains an N-glycosylation site as well as several cAMP-dependent kinase, protein kinase C, and casein kinase II consensus phosphorylation sites.
Spastic paraplegia 21 (SPG21), also known as acid Cluster Protein 33 (ACP33) and Mast syndrome protein, is a member of the AB hydrolase superfamily. Human SPG21 is a 308 amino acid residue protein widely expressed in all tissues, including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. SPG21 binds to the hydrophobic C-terminal amino acids of CD4 which are involved in repression of T cell activation via the noncatalytic alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain. SPG21 thus is proposed to play a role as a negative regulatory factor in CD4-dependent T-cell activation of CD4. Defects in SPG21 are the cause of spastic paraplegia autosomal recessive type 21, also known as Mast syndrome, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a slow, gradual, progressive weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs. Rate of progression and the severity of symptoms are quite variable. SPG21 is also associated with dementia and other central nervous system abnormalities.
SPHK1; also known as sphingosine Kinase 1; catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to form sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities including cell proliferation; survival; migration; cytoskeletal organization; and morphogenesis. It is a ligand for cell surface G protein-coupled receptors. SPHK 1 is a potential therapeutic target for the control of cancer and inflammation. SPHK1 plays a key role in TNF-alpha signaling and the NF-kappa-B activation pathway important in inflammatory; antiapoptotic; and immune processes.
Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-Type 1 (SPINK1) is a trypsin inhibitor that prevent the trypsin-catalyzed premature activation of zymogens within the pancreas. Defects in SPINK1 are a cause of pancreatitis (PCTT). A disease characterized by the presence of calculi in pancreatic ducts. It causes severe abdominal pain attacks. Defects in SPINK1 are the cause of susceptibility to tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP). Recombinant SPINK1 protein (rSPINK1) stimulated cell proliferation in benign RWPE as well as cancerous prostate cells. The research result indicated that the potential of SPINK1 as an extracellular therapeutic target in prostate cancer. In contrast, knockdown of SPINK1 in 22RV1 cells inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion, and tumor growth in xenograft assays.
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 4; also known as Peptide PEC-60 homolog and SPINK4; is a secreted protein which contains one Kazal-like domain. SPINK4 is a member of the SPINK protein family. The gene family of serine protease inhibitors of the Kazal type (SPINK) are functional and positional candidate genes for celiac disease (CD). SPINK1 plays an important role in protecting the pancreas against excessive trypsinogen activation. It is a potent natural inhibitor of pancreatic trypsin activity. SPINK1 mutations are associated with the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis and have been detected in all forms of chronic pancreatitis. SPINK2 functions as a trypsin/acrosin inhibitor and is synthesized mainly in the testis and seminal vesicle where its activity is engaged in fertility. The SPINK2 protein contains a typical Kazal domain composed by six cysteine residues forming three disulfide bridges. SPINK9 was identified in human skin. Its expression was strong in palmar epidermis; but not detectable or very low in non palmoplantar skin.
Inserisci la tua e-mail e seleziona le aree di interesse per ricevere le ultime novità, approfondimenti e promozioni.
Seleziona uno o più ambiti di interesse per ricevere comunicazioni più utili e mirate.
2025 TEMA Ricerca - All Rights Reserved.
