CCL25, also known as TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine), is a CC chemokine that regulates the trafficking of lymphocytes in the thymus and small intestine. Mature mouse CCL25 shares 40% and 81% amino acid sequence identity with an human and rat CCL25, respectively . CCL25 is produced by stromal cells in the thymus and epithelial cells of the small intestine, particularly the jejunum and ileum . It binds to and induces chemoattraction through CCR9 , and both human and mouse proteins act on human CCR9 . CCR9 is expressed on immature pre-T cells and thymocytes . CCL25 induces the homing of several lymphocyte populations to the small intestine , including Integrin alpha 4 beta 7+ gamma δ T cells , Integrin alpha E beta 7+ CD8+ T cells , and IgA-producing plasma cells . In cancer, functional CCR9 mediates the metastasis of melanoma cells to the small intestine , contributes to the CCL25-dependent migration and invasion of some breast carcinomas , and attracts mesenchymal stromal cells to CCL25-expressing multiple myelomas . CCL25 contributes to the severity of chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis where it attracts CCR9+ monocytes and macrophages , in endometriosis where it promotes the invasiveness of stromal cells , and in atherosclerosis where it contributes to the accumulation of CCR9+ macrophages in arterial plaques .
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2/JE/MCP-1), also called CCL2, belongs to a group of CC chemokines located in chromosome 17q11.2. CCL2/JE/MCP-1 protein interacts with chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) to activate and recruit monocytes, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and immature dendritic cells to the site of infection. The presence of CCL2/JE/MCP-1 protein in an adequate concentration is important for granuloma formation and M. tuberculosis clearance.
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) is a member of the C-C or β chemokine family. Mouse CCL2 shares 82% amino acid (aa) identity with rat CCL2 over the entire sequence, and 58%, 56%, 55%, 53% and 53% aa identity with human, equine, porcine, bovine and canine CCL2, respectively. Fibroblasts, glioma cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes can produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon mitogenic stimulation, but monocytes and macrophages appear to be the major source. In addition to its chemotactic activity, CCL2 induces enzyme and cytokine release by monocytes, NK cells and lymphocytes, and histamine release by basophils that express its receptor, CCR2. Additionally, it promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells. CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation is proposed to play a role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and allergic asthma.
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