C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) is a member of the C-C or β chemokine family. Mouse CCL2 shares 82% amino acid (aa) identity with rat CCL2 over the entire sequence, and 58%, 56%, 55%, 53% and 53% aa identity with human, equine, porcine, bovine and canine CCL2, respectively. Fibroblasts, glioma cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes can produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon mitogenic stimulation, but monocytes and macrophages appear to be the major source. In addition to its chemotactic activity, CCL2 induces enzyme and cytokine release by monocytes, NK cells and lymphocytes, and histamine release by basophils that express its receptor, CCR2. Additionally, it promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells. CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation is proposed to play a role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and allergic asthma.
The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and small inducible cytokine A2 (SCYA2)), is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family responsible for monocyte attraction. Its cognate receptor, CCR2, play a critical role in regulating nociceptive processes during neuropathic pain. Both CCL2 and CCR2 are implicated in induction of autoimmunity. CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection. Recently research also showed that CCL2 might be useful as a biomarker of fibrosis as well as a target for therapeutic intervention.
CCL3/MIP-1α is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Chemokines are a family of structurally related leukocyte chemoattractant cytokines that play a central role during immunoregulatory and inflammation processes. All chemokines contain four conserved cysteines linked by disulfide bonds, and two major subfamilies, namely CXC and CC, are defined on the basis of the first two cysteines which are separated by one amino acid or are adjacent. CCL3/MIP-1α is involved in the acute inflammatory state in the recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
CCL3 is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Chemokines are a family of structurally related leukocyte chemoattractant cytokines that play a central role during immunoregulatory and inflammation processes. All chemokines contain four conserved cysteines linked by disulfide bonds, and two major subfamilies, namely CXC and CC, are defined on the basis of the first two cysteines which are separated by one amino acid or are adjacent. CCL3 is involved in the acute inflammatory state in the recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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