FcRn complex consist of two subunits: IgG receptor FcRn large subunit p51（alpha chain) and Beta-2-microglobulin（Beta chain). The complexes is similar in structure to MHC class I-like heterodimer. Beta-2-microglobulin involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. FcRn binds to the Fc region of monomeric immunoglobulins gamma, mediates the uptake of IgG from milk,Possible role in transfer of immunoglobulin G from mother to fetus. A principal component of antibody transport is the neonatal receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, a heterodimer of a MHC-1 alpha-chain homolog ( FcRn ) and beta-2-microglobulin ( B2M ).
Fetuin-A , also known as Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein (AHSG) , belongs to the Fetuin family , is a plasma binding protein , and is more abundant in fetal than adult blood. It is involved in several functions , such as endocytosis , brain development and the formation of bone tissue. Fetuins are carrier proteins like albumin. Fetuin-A forms soluble complexes with calcium and phosphate and thus is a carrier of otherwise insoluble calcium phosphate. Thus Fetuin-A is a potent inhibitor of pathological calcification. The circulating levels of fetuin-A , a well-described inhibitor of calcification , regulate the cell-dependent process of osteogenesis. The low circulating fetuin-A levels are associated with a greater prevalence and/or severity of Vascular calcification (VC) and increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However , high circulating fetuin-A levels appear to induce insulin resistance and , in non-dialyzed subjects with diabetic nephropathy , are directly related to VC burden. The emerging role of fetuin-A deficiency as a risk factor in dialysis patients was documented in cross-sectional studies demonstrating a significant correlation with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Additionally , Human fetuin-A is a negative acute phase protein involved in inflammatory diseases , thus being a potential physiological regulator of meprin activity. Fetuin-A is a broad-range protease inhibitor. Fetuin-A and cystatin C as endogenous proteolytic regulators of meprin activity broadens our understanding of the proteolytic network in plasma.
Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) is a glycoprotein that is composed of two subunits, the A and B chains, belongs to the Cystatin family of proteases inhibitors. It is highly expressed in embryonic cells and adult hepatocytes, and is expressed to a lesser extent in monocytes/macrophages. AHSG is an important circulating inhibitor of calcification in vivo, and is downregulated during the acute-phase response. It is involved in several functions, such as endocytosis, brain development and the formation of bone tissue. In addition, AHSG may influence the resolution of inflammation by modulating the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. ASHG blocks TGF-beta-dependent signaling in osteoblastic cells.
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