The protein encoded by FOLR1 gene is a member of the folate receptor family. Members of this gene family bind folic acid and its reduced derivatives, and transport 5-methyltetrahydrofolate into cells. This gene product is a secreted protein that either anchors to membranes via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage or exists in a soluble form. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency. Due to the presence of two promoters, multiple transcription start sites, and alternative splicing, multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Folate receptor α (FRα) is the most important subunit of Folate receptor and the alpha isoform has been shown to be selectively overexpressed in cancer types like breast and ovarian cancer compared to normal breast and ovarian epithelial cells. It was determined that Folate receptor α exhibits a limited expression on the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells of normal lung, breast, thyroid, parathyroid, and kidney tissues. For their uptake of folate, normal cells rely almost exclusively on the reduced folate carrier, whereas many carcinomas and myeloid leukemia cells overexpress a high-affinity FR on their surfaces, perhaps reflecting their increased need for folate to support rapid cell division
Folate Receptor alpha belongs to the folate receptor family and it is a 37 - 42 kDa protein that mediates the cellular uptake of folic acid and reduced folates.Mature FOLR1 is an N-glycosylated protein that is anchored to the cell surface by a GPI linkage. FOLR1 can be detected in kidney proximal tubules. It is critically required during early embryogenesis as shown in knockout mice which die in utero with gross morphological defects. FOLR1 binds to folate and reduced folic acid derivatives and mediates delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate analogs into the interior of cells. It Has high affinity for folate and folic acid analogs at neutral pH. Exposure to slightly acidic pH after receptor endocytosis triggers a conformation change that strongly reduces its affinity for folates and mediates their release. Required for normal embryonic development and normal cell proliferation. Required for renal folate reabsorption.
Frizzled-10, also known as Fz-10, CD350 and FZD10, is a multi-pass membrane protein which belongs to theG-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family. Frizzled-10 / FZD10 is abundantly expressed in the cerebellum, followed by cerebral cortex, medulla and spinal cord; very low levels in total brain, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and putamen. It is weakly expressed in adult brain, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, pancreas, spleen and prostate. Frizzled-10 / FZD10 is a receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. Frizzled-10 / FZD10 may also be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues.
Frizzled homolog 1 (FZD1), also known as Frizzled-1, a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, mediates Wnt signaling by serving as a co-receptor with LRP-5 for Wnt ligands. The FZD1 protein contains a signal peptide, a cysteine-rich domain in the N-terminal extracellular region, 7 transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif.
Frizzled-1, also known as FZD1, belongs to theG-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family. FZD1 contains a signal peptide, a cysteine-rich domain in the N-terminal extracellular region, 7 transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif. FZD1 is expressed in adult heart, placenta, lung, kidney, pancreas, prostate, and ovary and in fetal lung and kidney. Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol. Frizzled proteins and the genes encoding them have been identified in an array of animals, from sponges to humans. Frizzled proteins play key roles in governing cell polarity, embryonic development, formation of neural synapses, cell proliferation, and many other processes in developing and adult organisms. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes.
Wnt signaling is involved in a variety of embryonic development processes of nonvertebrates and vertebrates, where it determines cell motility, cell polarity, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, as well as formation of neural synapses. Various homologs of the Wingless protein, termed WNT factors, represent key mediators and act through a receptor complex comprised of members of the Frizzled and low density lipoprotein-related receptors (LRP). 19 WNTs, 10 Frizzled, and 2 LRP proteins have been identified. Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins consisting of a divergent signal peptide, a highly conserved extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD), a variable-length linker region, a seven-pass transmembrane domain, and a variable-length C-terminal tail.Frizzled 5 (FZD5) is believed to be the receptor for the Wnt5A ligand, and also interactions with Wnt10B, Wnt2B, and Wnt 7A functionally. Recent studies of WNT5A/Frizzled-5 signaling have revealed an unexpected and novel role in orchestrating adaptive immunity in response to microbial stimulation. In addition, FZD5 is also implicated in the survival of mature neurons in the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus.
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has been grouped into the follistatin family of proteins. FSTL1 is composed of a follistatin domain and two non-functional calcium-binding motifs. It was originally cloned as a TGFβ1 inducible factor but subsequently shown to regulate diverse developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Ablation of the FSTL1 gene in the mouse results in several structural developmental defects and neonatal lethality due to respiratory failure. FSTL1 suppresses BMP signaling, but the precise mechanism of its action has not been elucidated. FSTL1 is expressed in the human placenta, mainly in extravillous trophoblasts.
Lascia la tua email e seleziona le aree che vuoi seguire per ricevere novita di prodotto, approfondimenti tecnici e promozioni piu pertinenti.
Puoi scegliere le macro-aree Life Science e Diagnostica oppure le singole specializzazioni.
Seleziona uno o piu ambiti di interesse per ricevere comunicazioni piu utili e mirate.
Aggiornamenti su ricerca, strumentazione e applicazioni per il mondo Life Science.
Novita, approfondimenti e promozioni per laboratori diagnostici e flussi operativi.
2025 TEMA Ricerca - All Rights Reserved.
