At least 23 different variants of Interferon-α are known. The individual proteins have molecular masses between 19-26 kD and consist of proteins with lengths of 156-166 and 172 amino acids. All IFN-α subtypes possess a common conserved sequence region between amino acid positions 115-151 while the amino-terminal ends are variable. Many IFN-α subtypes differ in their sequences at only one or two positions. Naturally occurring variants also include proteins truncated by 10 amino acids at the carboxyl-terminal end.
Mouse Ifng is a secreted protein which belongs to the type I I (or gamma) interferon family. IFNG is produced by lymphocytes and activated by specific antigens or mitogens. In addition to having antiviral activity, IFNG also has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrophages and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells. It can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons. Genetic variation in IFNG is associated with the risk of aplastic anemia (AA) which is a rare disease in which the reduction of the circulating blood cells results from damage to the stem cell pool in bone marrow. In most patients, the stem cell lesion is caused by an autoimmune attack. T-lymphocytes, activated by an endogenous or exogenous, and most often unknown antigenic stimulus, secrete cytokines, including IFN-gamma, which would in turn be able to suppress hematopoiesis.
Mouse Il10 is the prototypic member of the IL-10 cytokine family, including IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22 (IL-TIF), IL-24 and IL-26. Many viruses encode viral members of the IL-10 family, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).Its main function is inhibiting the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T-cells. Although human and mouse IL-10 are 81% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid level, mouse IL-10 is species-specific and does not act on human cells. Interestingly, Human IL-10 is active on mouse cells.
Interleukin-11(IL-11) is a secreted protein and belongs to the IL-6 superfamily. IL-11 has been demonstrated to improve platelet recovery after chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, induceacute phase proteins, modulate antigen-antibody responses, participate in the regulation of bone cellproliferation and differentiation and could be use as a therapeutic for osteoporosis. IL-11 stimulates the growth of certain lymphocytes and, in the murine model, stimulates an increase in the cortical thickness and strength of long bones. In addition to having lymphopoietic/hematopoietic and osteotrophic properties, it has functions in many other tissues, including the brain, gut, testis and bone.
Mouse IL-12 is a heterodimeric pleiotropic cytokine made up of a 40 kDa (p40) subunit and a 35 kDa (p35) subunit. Human and mouse IL-12 share 70% and 60% amino acid sequence identity in their p40 and p35 subunits, respectively. While mouse IL-12 is active on both human and mouse cells, human IL-12 is not active on murine cells. It is involved in the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells. It is known as a T cell-stimulating factor, which can stimulate the growth and function of T cells. It stimulates the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and reduces IL-4 mediated suppression of IFN-γ. T cells that produce IL-12 have a coreceptor, CD30, which is associated with IL-12 activity. IL-12 plays an important role in the activities of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes.IL-12 mediates enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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