Interleukin 2 (IL 2), also termed T-cell growth factor, is a member of the cytokine family which includes IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. Each member of this family has a four alpha helix bundle. IL-2 signals through the IL-2 receptor, a complex consisting of tree subunits, termed alpha, beta and gamma. The IL-2 R gamma is shared by cytokine receptors of all members of cytokine family. Mature mouse IL-2 shares 56% and 73% aa sequence identity with human and rat IL-2, respectively. IL-2 is produced by CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cells, gamma δ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and eosinophils, and plays a vital role in key function of the immune system, tolerance and immunity, primarily via its potent stimulatory activity for T cells.Thus, IL-2 may be a key cytokine in the natural suppression of autoimmunity.
Interleukin-2(IL-2) is an interleukin; a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system;belongs to the IL-2 family. It is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells; NK cells; lymphokine-activated killer cells; monocytes; macrophages and oligodendrocytes.
Mouse Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a 30 kDa proinflammatory cytokine which may also regulates gene transcription in producer cells. IL-33 is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelia. IL-33 was identified based on sequence and structural homology with IL-1 family cytokines. It is up-regulated in arterial smooth muscle, dermal fibroblasts, and keratinocytes following IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta stimulation. IL-33 is structurally related to IL-1, which induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokines and acts through the receptor IL1RL-1. BindingIL-33 to this receptor activates NF-kappa-B and MAP kinases and induces in vitro Th2 cells to produce cytokines. In vivo, IL-33 induces the expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and also leads to severe pathological changes in mucosal organs.
Interleukin 36 beta (IL-36B) is a member of the IL-1 family of proteins. It is a cytokine that binds to and signals through the IL1RL2/IL-36R receptor which in turn activates NF-kappa-B and MAPK signaling pathways in target cells linked to a pro-inflammatory response. IL-36B is synthesized in several cells including resting and activated monocytes, and B cells. The receptor for IL-36 beta is thought to be a combination of IL-1 Rrp2 and IL-1 RAcP. Interleukin 36 beta is one part of the IL-36 signaling system that is thought to be present in epithelial barriers and to take part in local inflammatory response, similar to the IL-1 system with which it shares the coreceptor IL1RAP. IL36B are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as stimulating production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, inducing expression of a number of antimicrobial peptides including beta-defensin 4 and beta-defensin 103 as well as a number of matrix metalloproteases , inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and activating p38 MAPK phosphorylation in BMDCs. Moreover, interleukin 36 beta may be involved in skin inflammatory response by acting on keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and indirectly on T cells to drive tissue infiltration, cell maturation and cell proliferation. It plays an important role in dendritic cell maturation by stimulating the surface expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II and inducing the production of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-17 by T helper 1 (Th1) cells, cultured CD4+ T cells and splenocytes.
Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36γ) is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family that includes three closely related genes, IL-36α, β, and γ, formerly known as IL-1F6, F8, and F9 respectively. IL-36α has been detected in both neuronal and synovial tissue, whereas IL-36β and IL-36γ are expressed in both cutaneous and mucosal epithelial cells, including the respiratory tract. IL-36β and IL-36γ stimulate proliferation, maturation and/or cytokine expression by innate immune cells (such as keratinocytes and dendritic cells), and adaptive immune cells (neutrophils and T-cells) in both humans and mice. The activity of IL-36α is mediated by interleukin 1 receptor-like 2 (IL1RL2/IL1R-rp2), and is specifically inhibited by interleukin 1 family, member 5 (IL1F5/IL-1 delta). IL-36γ plays an important role in communicating the cell death to surrounding cells.
Interleukin 3 is a pleiotropic factor produced primarily by activated T cells that can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed progenitors. In addition, IL-3 also affects the functional activity of mature mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and macrophages.Because of its multiple functions and targets, it was originally studied under different names, including mast cell growth factor P-cell stimulating factor, burst promoting activity, multi-colony stimulating factor, thy-1 inducing factor and WEHI-3 growth factor. In addition to activated T cells, other cell types such as human thymic epithelial cells, activated mouse mast cells, mouse keratinocytes and neurons/astrocytes can also produce IL-3. IL-3 exerts its biological activities through binding to specific cell surface receptors. The high affinity receptor responsible for IL-3. signaling is composed of α and βsubunits. IL-3 is capable of supporting the proliferation of abroad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in avariety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. IL-3 has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.
Interleukin-4, also known as IL4, is a secreted protein that belongs to the IL-4 / IL-13 family. Interleukin-4 / IL4 has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. Interleukin-4 / IL4 also regulates the expression of the low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes. Interleukin-4 is essential for the switching of B cells to IgE antibody production and the maturation of T helper (Th) cells toward the Th2 phenotype. It participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as other cell types. However, studies show that double mutant (Q116D, Y119D) of the murine IL4 protein (QY), both glutamine 116 and tyrosine 119, which binds to the IL4 receptor alpha, completely inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the IL4-induced proliferation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenic B-cells, of the murine T cell line CTLL-2, and the murine pre-B-cell line BA/F3. QY also inhibited the IL4-stimulated up-regulation of CD23 expression by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenic B-cells and abolished tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor Stat6 and the tyrosine kinase Jak3 in IL4-stimulated BA/F3 cells.
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