Shared alpha chain of the active heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH, lutropin/luteinizing hormone/LH and follitropin/follicle stimulating hormone/FSH. These hormones bind specific receptors on target cells that in turn activate downstream signaling pathways.
Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase, also known as LTA-4 hydrolase, Leukotriene A (4) hydrolase, LTA4H and LTA4, is cytoplasm protein which belongs to thepeptidase M1 family. LTA4H hydrolyzes an epoxide moiety of leukotriene A4 (LTA-4) to form leukotriene B4 (LTB-4). This enzyme also has some peptidase activity. The leukotrienes (LTs) are a class of structurally related lipid mediators involved in the development and maintenance of inflammatory and allergic reactions. In the biosynthesis of LTs, arachidonic acid was converted into the unstable intermediate epoxide LTA4, which may in turn be conjugated with glutathione to form the spasmogenic LTC4, or hydrolyzed into the proinflammatory lipid mediator LTB4 in a reaction catalyzed by Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). LTB4 is a classical chemoattractant of human neutrophils and triggers adherence and aggregation of leukocytes to vascular endothelium, and also modulates immune responses. As a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme, LTA4H also exhibits an anion-dependant arginyl aminopeptidase activity of high efficiency and specificity in addition to its epoxide hydrolase activity. LTA4H is regarded as a therapeutic target for inflammation.
It is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The protein is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, including cells of epithelial and myeloid lineages, but not on T and B lymphocytes. The protein is the receptor for the heterotrimeric lymphotoxin containing LTA and LTB, and for TNFS14/LIGHT. It promotes apoptosis via TRAF3 and TRAF5 and may play a role in the development of lymphoid organs. The encoded protein and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of lymphoid tissue and transformed cells. Activation of the encoded protein can trigger apoptosis. Not only does the TNFRSF3 help trigger apoptosis, it can lead to the release of the cytokine interleukin 8. Overexpression of TNFRSF3 in Human Cells cells increases IL-8 promoter activity and leads to IL-8 release. TNFRSF3 is also essential for development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs and chemokine release.
Keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican, mostly known as lumican, belongs to the SLRP class II subfamily and the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. Lumican binds to laminin. It has positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter and transforming growth factor beta1 production. Lumican is expressed in a variety of tissues, including skin, artery, lung, cornea, kidney, bone, aorta, and articular cartilage. The abnormal connective tissue phenotype seen in the Lumican null mice shows the importance of the role of Lumican in collagen fibrillogenesis. In addition to the control of collagen fibril assembly, Lumican has been shown to play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion.
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