Beta-actin (ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms in humans. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility,structure and integrity. Beta actin is a major constituent of the contractile apparatus and one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Beta-actin gene is stably and constitutively expressed at high levels in most tissues and cells,and commonly used as a loading control for western blot and as a control for qPCR.
The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex of proteins that constitute adherens junctions (AJs). AJs are necessary for the creation and maintenance of epithelial cell layers by regulating cell growth and adhesion between cells. The encoded protein also anchors the actin cytoskeleton and may be responsible for transmitting the contact inhibition signal that causes cells to stop dividing once the epithelial sheet is complete. Finally, this protein binds to the product of the APC gene, which is mutated in adenomatous polyposis of the colon. Mutations in this gene are a cause of colorectal cancer (CRC), pilomatrixoma (PTR), medulloblastoma (MDB), and ovarian cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
CTNNB1,also known as β-Catenin,is an evolutionarily conserved,multifunctional intracellular protein. CTNNB1 was originally identified in cell adherens junctions (Ajs) where it functions to bridge the cytoplasmic domain of cadherins to a-catenin and the actin cytoskeleton. Besides its essential role in the Ajs,CTNNB1 is also a key downstream component of the canonical Wnt pathway that plays diverse and critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of CTNNB1 activity is associated with multiple diseases including cancers. .
Beta III Tubulin (TUBB3) is one of six β-tubulin isoforms and is expressed highly during fetal and postnatal development (axon guidance and maturation). Its expression levels decrease in the adult central nervous system (CNS) but remain high in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Microtubules enriched in β3-tubulin are more dynamic than those composed of other β-tubulin isoforms. Research studies have shown that mutations in the β3-tubulin gene TUBB3 cause ocular motility defects and other nervous system disorders. Furthermore, β3-tubulin is present in neoplastic but not in normal differentiated glial cells. Thus, β3-tubulin is a great neuronal marker.
Beta-tubulin is a protein that forms the backbone of cells. Tubulin can be divided into several kinds of Tubulin, including α, β, γ, δ, and ε, among which α -tubulin and β -tubulin can form heterodimers and are the two most important Tubulin for microtubule formation. The molecular weights of α-tubulin and β-tubulin are 55kDa and 50kDa, respectively, and the actual detected bands are around 55kDa. As an internal reference protein, the protein levels of β tubulin generally do not change. Therefore, it has been widely used as a reference for the consistency of sample loading in Western Bloting and also for immunostaining to observe the microtubule structure of cells.
Beta IV Tubulin (TUBB4) is a member of the beta tubulin family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. Mutations in TUBB4 cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy and autosomal dominant torsion dystonia. Alternate splicing of the TUBB4 gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Beta tubulin forms a dimer with alpha tubulin and acts as a major structural component of microtubules.
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