GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein ),an intermediate-filament (IF) protein ,is specifically expressed in cells of astroglial lineage and is widely used to mark the astroglia in the brain. It is also used as a marker for intracranial and intraspinal tumors arising from astrocytes.
Energy-transfer acceptor. Its role is to transduce the blue chemiluminescence of the protein aequorin into green fluorescent light by energy transfer. Fluoresces in vivo upon receiving energy from the Ca2+-activated photoprotein aequorin.
Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Family Receptor Alpha 1 (GFRA1) is a member of the GDNF receptor family. It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell surface receptor for both GDNF and NTN, and mediates activation of the RET tyrosine kinase receptor. GFRA1 is a potent survival factor for central and peripheral neurons, and is essential for the development of kidneys and the enteric nervous system. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are its binding ligand which are two structurally related, potent neurotrophic factors that play key roles in the control of neuron survival and differentiation. GDNF promotes the formation of a physical complex between GFRA/GDNFRa and the orphan tyrosin kinase receptor Ret, thereby inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. The RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase representing the signal-transducing molecule of a multisubunit surface receptor complex for the GDNF, in which GFRA/GDNFRa acts as the ligand-binding component. GDNF, a distantly related member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-â) superfamily, and its receptor components: GFRA1, Ret and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) have been recently reported to be expressed in the testis and to be involved in the proliferation regulation of immature Sertoli cells.
GIRK2 is a member of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel family proteins (GIRKs). GIRK family proteins allow potassium to flow into the cell and therefore control cellular excitability in the central nervous system, heart, and pancreas. Activation of most GIRK channels requires heterologous subunit assembly and the presence of ATP. GIRK2 is abundantly expressed in the brain, where it is involved in pain perception. It is also required for peripheral opioid-mediated analgesia. Additionally GIRK2 localizes to pancreatic β cells and regulates insulin secretion. Mutations in the KCNJ6 gene encoding GIRK2 are associated with Keppen-Lubinsky Syndrome, a rare disease characterized by severe developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability.
Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.
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