The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a master regulator of ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. GPX4 converts lipid hydroperoxides to non-toxic lipid alcohols, therefore preventing ferroptosis. Research studies show that selenium enhances GPX4 expression and inhibits ferroptotic death to protect neurons. In addition, some therapy-resistant cancer cells depend on GPX4 to survive. Loss of GPX4 leads to ferroptosis and thus prevents tumor relapse in mice. Furthermore, redox homeostasis mediated by GPX4 is essential for activation of the cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway and initiation of the subsequent innate immune response.
This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. This enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein. It is a central enzyme of cellular antioxidant defense, and reduces oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant. Rare mutations in this gene result in hereditary glutathione reductase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found.
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the addition of glucose monomers to the growing glycogen molecule through the formation of alpha-1,4-glycoside linkages. Mutations in this gene are associated with muscle glycogen storage disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Glycophorin A is the major intrinsic membrane protein of the erythrocyte. The N-terminal glycosylated segment, which lies outside the erythrocyte membrane, has MN blood group receptors. Appears to be important for the function of SLC4A1 and is required for high activity of SLC4A1. May be involved in translocation of SLC4A1 to the plasma membrane. Is a receptor for influenza virus. Is a receptor for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175); binding of EBA-175 is dependent on sialic acid residues of the O-linked glycans. Appears to be a receptor for Hepatitis A virus (HAV).
This protein is a minor sialoglycoprotein in human erythrocyte membranes. The blood group Gerbich antigens and receptors for Plasmodium falciparum merozoites are most likely located within the extracellular domain. Glycophorin-C plays an important role in regulating the stability of red cells.
Glypicans are a family of HSPGs that are attached to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor. Glypicans are considered to have the ability to modulate the activities of HBGFs. The expression of glypicans is regulated temporally and spatially during development, suggesting they are involved in development and morphogenesis. To date, six glypicans (Glypican 1 to Glypican 6) have been identified in mammals. Glypican 1 (GPC1) is most ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues. GPC1 promotes efficient signaling by HBGFs and plays a critical role in cell growth and differentiation. GPC1 is involved in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, and is frequently overexpressed in several types of tumors including pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer and glioma.
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