Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Involved in the formation of glutathione conjugates of both prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). Participates in the formation of novel hepoxilin regioisomers. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.
This protein is a member of the kappa class of the glutathione transferase superfamily of enzymes that function in cellular detoxification. The protein is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to a wide range of hydrophobic substates facilitating the removal of these compounds from cells.
Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. This gene encodes a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are organized in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are known to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variations can change an individual's susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs.
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. Based on their biochemical, immunologic, and structural properties, the soluble GSTs are categorized into 4 main classes: alpha, mu, pi, and theta. This GST family member is a polymorphic gene encoding active, functionally different GSTP1 variant proteins that are thought to function in xenobiotic metabolism and play a role in susceptibility to cancer, and other diseases.
This is an N-ras oncogene encoding a membrane protein that shuttles between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This shuttling is regulated through palmitoylation and depalmitoylation by the ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex. The encoded protein, which has intrinsic GTPase activity, is activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor and inactivated by a GTPase activating protein.
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes symptoms including hamartomas in brain, kidney, heart, lung and skin. The tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2 encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively. Hamartin and tuberin form a functional complex and are involved in numerous cellular activities such as vesicular trafficking, regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle, steroid hormone regulation, Rho activation and anchoring neuronal intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton. The combination of genetic, biochemical and cell-biological studies demonstrate that the tuberin/hamartin complex functions as a GTPase-activating protein for the Ras-related small G protein Rheb and thus inhibits targets of rapamycin including mTOR. Cells lacking hamartin or tuberin fail to inhibit phosphorylation of S6 kinase resulting in the activation of S6 ribosomal protein's translation of 5'TOP mRNA transcripts. Hamartin is phosphorylated by CDK1 (cdc2) at Thr417, Ser584 and Thr1047 in cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
Beta subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two glycosylated subunits alpha and beta which are non-covalently associated. The alpha subunit is identical to those in the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH and TSH). The beta subunits are distinct in each of the hormones and confer receptor and biological specificity. Has an essential role in pregnancy and maternal adaptation. Stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.
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