Folate receptor alpha(FOLR) belongs to the folate receptor family, and is primarily expressed in tissues of epithelial origin. It is also expressed in kidney, lung and cerebellum. The secreted form is derived from the membrane-bound form either by cleavage of the GPI anchor, or/and by proteolysis catalyzed by a metalloprotease. FOLR1 binds to folate and reduced folic acid derivatives and mediates delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate analogs into the interior of cells. It has high affinity for folate and folic acid analogs at neutral pH. Exposure to slightly acidic pH after receptor endocytosis triggers a conformation change that strongly reduces its affinity for folates and mediates their release. It is required for normal embryonic development and normal cell proliferation.
Follistatin 288 is a secreted glycoprotein that was first identified as a follicle-stimulating hormone inhibiting substance in ovarian follicular fluid. Human follistatin 288 cDNA encodes a 317 amino acid (aa) protein with a 29aa signal sequence, and a 288 aa mature region.Follistatin shows the highest affinity for activins due to its extended configuration. Genetic deletion of follistatin in mice, or expression of only the Follistatin form, is perinatally lethal due to defects of lung, skin and musculoskeletal system. Follistatins also regulate hematopoietic stem cell adhesion to fibronectin via FS2.
Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. follistatin are expressed and subserve local regulatory roles in numerous extragonadal tissues, including brain, adrenal, bone marrow, and placenta but perhaps most notably in anterior pituitary-the classical target tissue for inhibin, the activin-follistatin system may play a key role in early embryogenesis. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. Specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone follistatin is a binding protein to activin. Since activin binds to follistatin, it is imperative to determine the nature of the activin/follistatin binding complex.
Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms; FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively; resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families; evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. follistatin are expressed and subserve local regulatory roles in numerous extragonadal tissues; including brain; adrenal; bone marrow; and placenta but perhaps most notably in anterior pituitary-the classical target tissue for inhibin; the activin-follistatin system may play a key role in early embryogenesis. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. Specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone follistatin is a binding protein to activin. Since activin binds to follistatin; it is imperative to determine the nature of the activin/follistatin binding complex.
Follitropin Subunit β (FSHB) is a secreted protein that belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit β family. The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. FSHB exists in a heterodimer of a common α chain and an unique β chain that confers biological specificity to thyrotropin, lutropin, follitropin, and gonadotropin. FSHB stimulates development of follicle and spermatogenesis in the reproductive organs. Defects in FSHB are a cause of isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency (IFSHD).
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