Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain, also known as CGA, belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit alpha family. The subunit of CGA is a heterodimer consists of a common alpha chain and a unique beta chain which confers biological specificity to thyrotropin, lutropin, follitropin and gonadotropin. It has positive regulation of cell migration, cell proliferation and transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter and participates in the peptide hormone processing and signal transduction.
Follitropin Subunit β (FSHB) is a secreted protein that belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit β family. The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. FSHB exists in a heterodimer of a common α chain and an unique β chain that confers biological specificity to thyrotropin, lutropin, follitropin, and gonadotropin. FSHB stimulates development of follicle and spermatogenesis in the reproductive organs. Defects in FSHB are a cause of isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency (IFSHD).
Human Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a member of glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family, whichalso includes LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). FSH and its familymembers are heterodimers consisting of non-covalently linked α- and β-subunits. They share an identical αsubunit, and β-subunits vary. FSH has a unique β-subunit (FSHβ), which confers its specific biologic activityand is responsible for interaction with the FSH-receptor which belongs to a subfamily of GPCRs calledleucine-rich-repeat-containing GPCRs (LGRs). FSH is secreted from the pituitary gland and regulatesreproduction in mammals. FSH stimulates sertoli cell proliferation in testes and supports spermatogenesis inmales, and induces the maturation of ovarian follicles in females.
Follistatin-Related Protein 1 (FSTL1) is a secreted protein that contains two EF-hand domains; one follistatin-like domain; one Kazal-like domain; and one VWFC domain. Its functional significance in physiological and pathological processes is not completely understood. However; FSTL1 is thought to modulate the action of some growth factors on cell proliferation and differentiation. FSTL1 maybe an autoantigen associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Follistatin-related protein 1 (FSTL1) is an extracellular glycoprotein whose functional significance in physiological and pathological processes is incompletely understood. Recently; we have shown that FSTL1 acts as a muscle-derived secreted factor that is up-regulated by Akt activation and ischemic stress and that FSTL1 exerts favorable actions on the heart and vasculature. Here; we sought to identify the receptor that mediates the cellular actions of FSTL1. It contains an FS module; a follistatin-like sequence containing 10 conserved cysteine residues. FSTL1 is thought to be an autoantigen associated with rheumatoid arthritis. DIP2A functions as a novel receptor that mediates the cardiovascular protective effects of FSTL1. Experiment results have provided in vivo and in vitro evidence to demonstrate that Fstl1 modulates lung development and alveolar maturation; in part; through BMP4 signaling.
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