Galectin-1 (Gal-1, GAL1), is a member of the galectins, a family of animal lectins ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans, which is defined by their affinity for beta-galactosides and by significant sequence similarity in the carbohydrate-binding site. It is a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of 14.5 kDa, which contains six cysteine residues per subunit. The cysteine residues should be in a free state in order to maintain a molecular structure that is capable of showing lectin activity. This endogenous lectin widely expressed at sites of inflammation and tumour growth, has been postulated as an attractive immunosuppressive agent to restore immune cell tolerance and homeostasis in autoimmune and inflammatory settings. On the other hand, galectin-1 contributes to different steps of tumour progression including cell adhesion, migration and tumour-immune escape, suggesting that blockade of galectin-1 might result in therapeutic benefits in cancer. Several potential glycoprotein ligands for galectin-1 have been identified, including lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins and fibronectin, laminin, as well as T-cell glycoproteins CD43 and CD45. Evidence points to Gal-1 and its ligands as one of the master regulators of such immune responses as T-cell homeostasis and survival, T-cell immune disorders, inflammation and allergies as well as host-pathogen interactions.
Galectin-9 is a cytoplasmic protein that contains two galectin domains. Galectin-9 is an S-type lectin that is over-expressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue. Galectin-9 binds galactosides and has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Galectin-9 plays a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus and Inhibits cell proliferation. Galectin-9 is a ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 and induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. In addition, Galectin-9 suppresses tumor cell metastasis by interfering with the associations CD44, VCAM-1, Integrin α4β1
Galectin-9 is a cytoplasmic protein that contains two galectin domains. Galectin-9 is an S-type lectin that is over-expressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue. Galectin-9 binds galactosides and has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Galectin-9 plays a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus and Inhibits cell proliferation. Galectin-9 is a ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 and induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. In addition, Galectin-9 suppresses tumor cell metastasis by interfering with the associations CD44, VCAM-1, Integrin α4β1.
The enzyme UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase (GALE) is a homodimeric epimerase found in bacterial, plant and mammalian cells. UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase performs the final step in the Leloir pathway of Galactose metabolism, it catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the epimerization of UDP-Gglucose to UDP-Galactose and the epimerization of UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-Acetylgalactosamine. The bifunctional nature of the enzyme has the important metabolic consequence that mutant cells (or individuals) are dependent not only on exogenous galactose, but also on exogenous N-acetylgalactosamine as a necessary precursor for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Galactokinase; also known as Galactose kinase; GALK and GALK1; is a protein which belongs to theGHMP kinase family and GalK subfamily. Galactokinase / GALK1 is a major enzyme for galactose metabolism. Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevation of blood galactose concentration and diminished galactose-1-phosphate; leading to the production of galactitol. Defects in GALK1 are the cause of galactosemia II ( GALCT2 ) which II is an autosomal recessive deficiency characterized by congenital cataracts during infancy and presenile cataracts in the adult population. The cataracts are secondary to accumulation of galactitol in the lenses.
Galactokinase belongs to the GHMP kinase family and GalK subfamily. Galactokinase is more important to the galactose metabolism pathway. It modifies galactose to create a similar molecule called Galactose-1-Phosphate.Thus; a series of additional steps converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to another simple sugar Glucose; which is the main energy source for most cells. Galactokinase deficiency results in Galactosemia II; an autosomal recessive deficiency characterized by congenital cataracts during infancy and presenile cataracts in the adult population. The cataracts are secondary to accumulation of Galactitol in the lenses.
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