Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT) is a tetrameric cytosolic protein. GNMT catalyzes the synthesis of N-methylglycine from glycine using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. It can affects DNA methylation by regulating the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocystine, playing an important role in maintaining normal AdoMet levels. GNMT is highly expressed in liver. As a major folate-binding protein, GNMT takes part in the detoxification pathway. Defects in GNMT are the cause of hypermethioninemia. the patients with this deficiency are mild hepatomegaly and chronic elevation of serum transaminases.
N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase is a member of the Sulfatase family. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase is required for the lysosomal degradation of the Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Heparan Sulfate and Keratan Sulfate. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase hydrolyzes the 6-Sulfate groups of the N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Sulfate units of Heparan Sulfate and Keratan Sulfate. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase binds 1 Calcium ion per subunit. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase deficiency are the cause of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 3D (MPS3D), an inborn error leading to lysosomal accumulation of heparan sulfate. MPS3D has profound mental deterioration, hyperactivity, and relatively mild somatic manifestations.
Golgi Membrane Protein 1 (GOLM1) belongs to the GOLM1/CASC4 family; GOLM1 is a single-pass type II membrane protein and can be found in many tissues . GOLM1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and lung adenocarcinoma tissue. GOLM1 can be up-regulated in response to viral infection. GOLM1 is induced by the E1A adenoviral protein. GOLM1 plays a key role in the sorting and modification of proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi membrane protein 1; also known as Golgi membrane protein GP73; Golgi phosphoprotein 2 and GOLM1; is a protein which belongs to theGOLM1 / CASC4 family. GOLM1 is widely expressed. It is highly expressed in colon; prostate; trachea and stomach. It is expressed at lower level in testis; muscle; lymphoid tissues; white blood cells and spleen. It is predominantly expressed by cells of the epithelial lineage. GOLM1 is expressed at low level in normal liver. Expression significantly increases in virus (HBV; HCV) infected liver. Expression of GOLM1 does not increase in liver disease due to non-viral causes (alcohol-induced liver disease; autoimmune hepatitis). Increased expression in hepatocytes appears to be a general feature of advanced liver disease. In liver tissue from patients with adult giant-cell hepatitis (GCH); GOLM1 is strongly expressed in hepatocyte-derived syncitial giant cells. GOLM1 is constitutively expressed by biliary epithelial cells but not by hepatocytes.
Platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) complex is best known as a major platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor essential for platelet adhesion under high shear conditions found in arteries and in thrombosis. The GPIb complex is composed of GPIb alpha (Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain) covalently attached to GPIb beta (Platelet glycoprotein Ib beta chain) and noncovalently complexed with GPIX and GPV. GPIb-beta, also known as GP1BB, CD42b-beta and CD42c, is single-pass type I membrane protein expressed in heart and brain, which is a critical component of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) receptor. The cysteine knot region of GPIb beta in the N terminus is critical for the conformation of GPIb beta that interacts with GPIX. The precursor of GP1BB is synthesized from a 1.0 kb mRNA expressed in plateletes and megakaryocytes. GPIb is a heterodimeric transmembrane protein consisting of a disulfide-linked 140 kD alpha chain and 22 kD beta chain. GPIb alpha chain provides the vWF binding site, and GPIb beta chain contributes to surface expression of the receptor and participates in transmembrane signaling through phosphorylation of its intracellular domain. GP1BB is part of the GPIb-V-IX system that constitutes the receptor for von Willebrand factor (vWF), and mediates platelet adhesion in the arterial circulation. Defects in GP1BB are a cause of Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), also known as giant platelet disease (GPD). BSS patients have unusually large platelets and have a clinical bleeding tendency.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), also known as FAT, SCARB3, GP88, glycoprotein IV (gpIV) and glycoprotein IIIb (gpIIIb), is a member of the CD system as well as the class B scavenger receptor family of cell surface proteins. CD36 can be found on the surface of many cell types in vertebrate animals and it consists of 472 amino acids and is extensively glycosylated. It is an integral membrane protein primarily serving as receptors for thrombospondin and collagen and by the erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite. The role of CD36 as a cell surface receptor has been extended to that of a signal transduction molecule.
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