GPNMB belongs to the PMEL / NMB family; also known as Osteoactivin and Hematopoietic growth factor-inducible neurokinin 1 ( HGFIN ); is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in numerous cells; including osteoclasts; macrophages; dendritic cells; and tumor cells. It is suggested to influence osteoblast maturation; cell adhesion and migration. GPNMB protein acts as a downstream mediator of BMP-2 effects on osteoblast differentiation and function. GPNMB participates in bone mineralization; and functions as a negative regulator of inflammation in macrophages. Osteoactivin is expressed at high levels in normal and inflammatory liver macrophages suggesting a significant role in acute liver injury. The early-phase upregulation of Osteoactivin expression in the tubular epithelium in response to renal injury might play a role in triggering renal interstitial fibrosis via activation of matrix metalloproteinase expression and collagen remodeling in rats. Osteoactivin as a protein that is expressed in aggressive human breast cancers and is capable of promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone.
Osteoactivin is an intracellular glycoprotein belongs to the NMB/pMEL-17 family; which is asscociated with cell endosomal/lysomal compartments. Human Osteoactivin is a 560 amino acid type I transmembrane protein; and one alternate splice form shows a 12 amino acid insert between amino acid 339-340. An additional 206 amino acid isoform shows a mutation at position 181 that results in a 26 amino acid substitution for the C-terminal 380 amino acids. Cells knowns to express Osteoactivin include fibroblast; osteoblasts; myeloid dendritic cell; melanocytes; plus fetal chondrocytes and stratum basale keratinocytes; macrophages/keratinocytes.
GPNMB belongs to the PMEL / NMB family, also known as Osteoactivin and Hematopoietic growth factor-inducible neurokinin 1 ( HGFIN ), is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in numerous cells, including osteoclasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and tumor cells. It is suggested to influence osteoblast maturation, cell adhesion, and migration. GPNMB protein acts as a downstream mediator of BMP-2 effects on osteoblast differentiation and function. GPNMB participates in bone mineralization and functions as a negative regulator of inflammation in macrophages. Osteoactivin is expressed at high levels in normal and inflammatory liver macrophages suggesting a significant role in acute liver injury. The early-phase upregulation of Osteoactivin expression in the tubular epithelium in response to renal injury might play a role in triggering renal interstitial fibrosis via activation of matrix metalloproteinase expression and collagen remodeling in rats. Osteoactivin is a protein that is expressed in aggressive human breast cancers and is capable of promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone.
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