Alpha (1,6) fucosyltransferase 8, also known as FUT8, is a member of the glycosyltransferase family. Fucosyltransferases are the enzymes transferring fucose from GDP-Fuc to Gal in an alpha1,2-linkage and to GlcNAc in alpha1,3-linkage, alpha1,4-linkage, or alpha1,6-linkage. All fucosyltransferases utilize the same nucleotide sugar, their specificity reside in the recognition of the acceptor and in the type of linkage formed. Fucosyltransferases share some common structural and catalytic features. On the basis of protein sequence similarities, these enzymes can be classified into four distinct families: (1) the alpha-2-fucosyltransferases, (2) the alpha-3-fucosyltransferases, (3) the mammalian alpha-6-fucosyltransferases, and (4) the bacterial alpha-6-fucosyltransferases. The alpha-3-fucosyltransferases constitute a distinct family as they lack the consensus peptide, but some regions display similarities with the alpha-2 and alpha-6-fucosyltranferases.
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes including regulation of cell growth and survival, cell adhesion, integrin-mediated signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, immune response and axon guidance. Inactive FYN is phosphorylated on its C-terminal tail within the catalytic domain. Following activation by PKA, the protein subsequently associates with PTK2/FAK1, allowing PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation, activation and targeting to focal adhesions. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) and CTNND1 (delta-catenin). Regulates cytoskeletal remodeling by phosphorylating several proteins including the actin regulator WAS and the microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and MAPT. Promotes cell survival by phosphorylating AGAP2/PIKE-A and preventing its apoptotic cleavage. Participates in signal transduction pathways that regulate the integrity of the glomerular slit diaphragm by phosphorylating several slit diaphragm components including NPHS1, KIRREL1 and TRPC6. Plays a role in neural processes by phosphorylating DPYSL2, ARHGAP32 and SNCA. Participates in the downstream signaling pathways that lead to T-cell differentiation and proliferation following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Phosphorylates PTK2B/PYK2 in response to T-cell receptor activation. Also participates in negative feedback regulation of TCR signaling through phosphorylation of PAG1, thereby promoting interaction between PAG1 and CSK and recruitment of CSK to lipid rafts.
Glucose-6-Phosphate 1-Dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family. G6PD participates in the pentose phosphate pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). G6PD produces pentose sugars for nucleic acid synthesis and main producer of NADPH reducing power. NADPH in turn maintains the level of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage. It is notable in humans that G6PD is remarkable for its genetic diversity. G6PD deficiency may cause neonatal jaundice, acute hemolysis, or severe chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor-Associated Protein (GABARAP) is a ligand-gated chloride channel protein that mediates inhibitory neurotransmission and belongs to the MAP1 LC3 family. GABARAP is highly positively charged in its N-terminus and shares sequence similarity with light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. GABARAP clusters neurotransmitter receptors by mediating interaction with the cytoskeleton. Autophagy is the process by which cells recycle cytoplasm and dispose of excess or defective organelles. This process is suggested to be involved development; differentiation; growth regulation and tissue remodeling in multicellular organisms. An important inhibitory neurotransmitter; GABA; acts on GABA receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in the CNS. GABARAP has been shown to play a important role in intracellular transport of GABA(A) receptors and its interaction with the cytoskeleton.
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